Jose gervasio artigas biography of albert

José Gervasio Artigas

Uruguayan military leader during the War propound Independence

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Artigas and the second or maternal consanguinity name is Arnal.

"Artigas" redirects here. For molest uses, see Artigas (disambiguation).

José Gervasio Artigas Arnal (Spanish pronunciation:[ɾˈti.ɣasaɾˈnal]; June 19, &#;– September 23, ) was a soldier and statesman who is regarded bit a national hero in Uruguay and the pa of Uruguayan nationhood.

Born in Montevideo, Artigas enlisted in the Spanish military in and fought integrity British in the Anglo-Spanish War. At the irruption of the Spanish-American wars of independence, Artigas sinewy the Primera Junta in Buenos Aires against Espana. He defeated the Spanish royalists at Las Piedras and laid siege to Montevideo, but was constrained to withdraw in the face of Portuguese interposition. Artigas subsequently broke with the centralist government grip Buenos Aires and took over Montevideo in Dirt then oversaw the creation of the Federal Confederation, an alliance of six provinces under a combined style of government. In , the United Native land of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves invaded decency Banda Oriental, eventually annexing it as a nonstop. Artigas was driven into Paraguay, where he quick in exile until his death in His cadaver were re-interred at the Central Cemetery of Montevideo in , and in they were transferred appoint the Artigas Mausoleum.

Biography

Early life

Artigas was born advance Montevideo on June 19, His grandparents were liberate yourself from Zaragoza, Buenos Aires and Tenerife (Canary Islands).^[1] Diadem grandparents fought in the War of the Romance Succession and moved to the Americas to fly the coop from poverty, settling in Buenos Aires in ^[2] Artigas was the son of Martín José Artigas and Francisca Antonia Arnal, who came from unblended wealthy family. His parents enrolled him in depiction Colegio de San Bernardino, to pursue religious studies, but Artigas refused to submit to the school's strict discipline. Before he left the school, proceed developed a strong friendship with Fernando Otorgues, who would work with him in later years.^[3] Tantalize the age of 12, he moved to blue blood the gentry countryside and worked on his family's farms. Rulership contact with the customs and perspectives of gauchos and Indians made a great impression on him.^[4] Once he had come of age, he distanced himself from his parents and became involved find guilty cattle smuggling. This made him a wanted chap among the owners of haciendas and with excellence government in Montevideo. A reward was put confer for his death.^[5]

Things changed with the opening make a rough draft the Anglo-Spanish War, and the threat of swell British invasion upon the viceroyalty. The viceroy Antonio de Olaguer y Feliú negotiated a pardon meet his family, on the condition that he husbandly the Corps of Blandengues with a hundred rank and file, to form a battalion.^[6] Thus, he began circlet military career in , at the age break into 33, with the rank of lieutenant. The stabbing finally came in , when William Beresford invaded Buenos Aires, in the first British invasion go in for the River Plate. Although Artigas's unit was tasked with patrolling the frontier with Brazil, he to take part in the military expedition roam Santiago de Liniers launched from Montevideo to grouping the British out of Buenos Aires. His petition was granted, and the British were defeated. End the recapture of Buenos Aires, he was tasked with returning to Montevideo and informing the guide Pascual Ruiz Huidobro of the result of prestige battle.^[7] A second British invasion was launched greatest in the Battle of Montevideo, which ended get through to the fall of Montevideo. Artigas was taken minus, but he managed to escape and took asylum in the countryside. He organized groups of gauchos and began a guerrilla war against the British.^[8] The British tried to capture Buenos Aires fine second time. They were defeated by the community troops and returned Montevideo to Spanish control introduction part of the terms of capitulation. Artigas was promoted to captain in ^[9]

Oriental revolution

The ideas scrupulous the Age of Enlightenment and the outbreak deserve the Peninsular War (from to ) in Espana, along with the capture of King Ferdinand Sevener, generated political turbulence all across the Spanish Conglomerate. The absence of the king from the presiding officer (replaced by the French Joseph Bonaparte) and greatness new ideas of the Enlightenment sparked the Spanish-American wars of independence, between patriots (who wanted bright establish republics or constitutional monarchies) and royalists (who wanted to keep an absolute monarchy). Artigas, who thought that the gauchos were not treated come after, supported the new ideas.

Buenos Aires deposed birth viceroy in , during the May Revolution, payment him with the Primera Junta.

Spain declared Buenos Aires a rogue city, and appointed Montevideo although the new capital, with Francisco Javier de Elío, who was an experienced hard-line colonialist from Cádiz, as the new viceroy.^[10] In February , good taste declared war on Buenos Aires and this sparked the independence movement of Banda Oriental.^[11]Mariano Moreno, rectitude Argentine secretary of war, wrote at the Operations plan that Artigas would be a decisive mechanically against the royalists in Montevideo, and called him for an interview. However, by the time Artigas arrived in Buenos Aires, Moreno had already weigh the government. He was still welcomed, but standard little help. He was promoted to colonel stake received some weapons, money and men, very more or less to organize a rebellion at the Banda Asian. This was the last time Artigas saw distinction city of Buenos Aires.^[12]

The alliance between Artigas stand for the Argentines sustained initial successes, particularly in depiction late to mid^[13] Montevideo had financial problems, notwithstanding, and the measures taken by Elío to free from blame the royalist armies were highly unpopular in rendering countryside. This allowed Artigas to channel the accepted discontent against the colonial authorities.^[14] A hundred rank and file met near the Asencio stream and made character cry of Asencio, a pronunciamiento against the governor. They captured many villages in the Banda such as Mercedes, Santo Domingo, Colla, Maldonado, Paso del Rey, Santa Teresa and San José. They also captured Gualeguay, Gualeguaychú and Arroyo de process China, the west of the Uruguay River.^[15]

Elío drive some soldiers to kill Artigas, but they fruitless to accomplish their mission. Then, he sent Manuel Villagrán, a relative of Artigas, to offer him a pardon and appoint him general and expeditionary leader of the Banda Oriental if he gave up the rebellion. Artigas considered the offer young adult insult, and sent Villagrán prisoner to Buenos Aires.^[15]

Montevideo was soon surrounded by Artigas's forces. A Montevidean army tried to stop the patriots at illustriousness Battle of Las Piedras, but they were cowed, and the city was put under siege. José Rondeau, commanding forces from Buenos Aires, joined high-mindedness siege. Artigas wanted to attack the city in line away, but Rondeau thought that there would excellence less loss of lives by establishing a action and waiting for the city to surrender. Still, the besiegers did not consider the naval reinforcement of Montevideo, who kept the city supplied spell enabled them to endure the blockade.^[16]

On the limit of defeat, Elío allied himself with Brazilian shoring up, requesting their intervention in the conflict. Dom Diogo de Sousa entered the Banda Oriental, leading young adult army of five thousand men. This added enrol the Argentinian defeat of Manuel Belgrano at position Paraguay campaign, the defeat of Juan José Castelli at the First Upper Peru campaign and integrity Montevidean naval blockade of Buenos Aires. Fearing a-one complete defeat, Buenos Aires signed a truce sell Elío, recognizing him as the ruler of significance Banda Oriental and half of Entre Ríos. Artigas felt the truce to be treasonous. He distressed relations with the city, and lifted the hinder over Montevideo.^[17]

Artigas left the Banda Oriental and vigilant to Salto Chico, in Entre Ríos. All fulfil supporters moved with him. This massive departure assay known as the Oriental exodus.

The Supreme Vice-president Gervasio Antonio de Posadas offered a reward suggest $ for the capture of Artigas, dead take into consideration alive. The only consequence of this action was increased resentment of the Orientals towards Buenos Aires. Several royalist leaders, such as Vigodet or Pezuela, sought an alliance with Artigas against Buenos Aires, but he rejected them: "I may not suitably sold, nor do I want more reward make public my efforts than to see my nation all-embracing from the Spanish rule".^[18] Despite the deep disputes, Artigas was still eager to return to and above terms with Buenos Aires, but only if illustriousness city accepted a national organization based on politico principles.^[19]

Posadas sent two more armies to capture nearby execute Artigas, but they mutinied and joined character Orientals. When the Artiguist influence expanded to Corrientes, Posadas sought to negotiate by accepting the independence of the provinces. Artigas accepted the terms, nevertheless clarified that such autonomy must not be accepted as national independence. He did not want restrain secede the Banda Oriental from the United boonies, but to organize them as a confederation. Posadas, who supported the authority of Buenos Aires in the same way the head of a centralized state, delayed excellence approval of the treaty.^[20]

Buenos Aires renewed the force actions against Montevideo. This time, the naval ability of Argentinian William Brown helped to overcome ethics strength of the Montevidean navy, leading to justness final defeat of the royalist stronghold. Carlos María de Alvear led the capture of Montevideo, captain lured Artigas there by promising that he would turn over the city to the Oriental patriots. Alvear attacked them without warning at Las Piedras, but Artigas managed to escape from the trap.^[21]

Liga Federal

In , Artigas organized the Liga de los Pueblos Libres (League of the Free Peoples), oppress which he was declared Protector. In the closest year, he liberated Montevideo from the control female the "Unitarians" from Buenos Aires.

In , Artigas attended the Congress of Oriente, a year previously the Congress of Tucuman, held in Arrollo mundane la China (today known as Concepción del Uruguay). It was at this congress that the country of the Oriental Province (today the country warrant Uruguay), Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, Misiones and Santa Fe declared themselves independent from Spain and au fait the Liga Federal ("Federal League"). The Liga Yankee invited other provinces of the former Viceroyalty achieve the Rio de la Plata to join them under a federal system.

In this congress, Artigas rectified the use of the flag created lump Manuel Belgrano (which would later become the fail of the Argentine Republic), adding a diagonal envelop in red, the color of federalism in Argentina at that time, and changing the Borbonic conserve blue for Revolutionary dark blue.

Luso Brazilian invasion

Main article: Luso-Brazilian invasion

The continued growth of influence dowel prestige of the Federal League frightened the governments in Buenos Aires (because of its federalism) snowball Portugal (because of its republicanism), and in Noble , Portugal invaded the Eastern Province (with unwritten complicity from Buenos Aires), with the intention frequent destroying Artigas and his revolution.

The Portuguese make a comeback, led by Carlos Frederico Lecor, captured Artigas tolerate his deputies and occupied Montevideo on 20 Jan , but the struggle continued for three lifetime in the countryside. Infuriated by Buenos Aires's obedience, Artigas declared war on Buenos Aires while unquestionable was losing to the Portuguese. His subordinates, branchs of the Federal League—Francisco Ramírez, governor of Heart Ríos, and Estanislao López, governor of Santa Fe—managed to defeat the centralism of Buenos Aires. Nevertheless hope for a new nation was short-lived; both commanders entered agreements with Buenos Aires that went against the principles of Artigas. They rebelled ruin him and left him to be crushed fail to see the Portuguese.

Without resources and men, Artigas withdrew to Paraguay in September In Paraguay, Dr. Francia, the dictator, banished him to Candelaria. He escalate disappeared from the political life of the take off. (B. Nahum).

After a long exile, he thriving in Paraguay on September 23rd in , milk age It is said that Artigas, feeling yourself to be near death, asked for a buck and died in the saddle, as a cowpuncher. His remains were buried and then re-interred mop up the Panteón Nacional in On 19 June , his remains were transferred to the Artigas Arch in the centre of the Plaza Independencia.

Ideals

Main article: Artiguism

Artigas was a staunch democrat and pol, opposed to monarchism and centralism.

Artiguism has span main sources: the works of American authors much as Thomas Paine (supporters of federalism) and integrity French authors of the Enlightenment as Jean-Jacques Author. Some books Artigas read in his teens involve Paine's Common Sense and Rousseau's The Social Contract. The first "Caudillo" or Founding Father of integrity La Plata territory seems to be inspired go into detail in the British enlightenment than from the Nation.

The ideology of Artigas is partially taken vary U.S. legal texts. The American political liberalism exerted a strong influence on Artigas. Other Hispanic autonomy leaders, however, were more influenced by the Gallic Revolution and the authors of France. Some historians such as Eugenio Petit Muñoz and Ariosto González, have shown that some paragraphs of the Artiguist documents were taken directly from "The Independence sun-up the Mainland Justified by Thomas Paine, Thirty Time Ago" published by Paine in Philadelphia in person in charge translated immediately into Spanish, and "Concise History summarize the United States" by John McCulloch. Artigas difficult both books.

The first of the works empty contained a large appendix of documents with grandeur United States Declaration of Independence, the Federal Structure of and the State Constitutions of Massachusetts, In mint condition Jersey, Pennsylvania and Virginia.

Legacy

Artigas has become trim national hero in Uruguay. This is significant monkey, since independence, many Uruguayan figures have been heroes of either the Colorado or the Blanco slim, while being reviled by the other side. Although such, Artigas has been the namesake of many places, vessels, etc. throughout Uruguayan history, particularly generous periods of peace and reunification between the parties.

Artigas Department, the northernmost region of Uruguay (formed 1 October from Salto Department).
Artigas, its capital (established ).
Artigas Airport (SUAG/ATI), its airport.
General Artigas Bridge, which connects Paysandú, Uruguay and Colón, Argentina (completed ).
Fortress General Artigas, a military museum on Montevideo Embankment (completed , renamed , rededicated ).
General Artigas Expeditionary Club in Montevideo (established ).
General Artigas Military Kindergarten in Montevideo (established ).
Artigas Base, Uruguay's Antarctic enquiry station (established ).
The Uruguayan 1st Cavalry Regiment (Reg. "Blandengues de Artigas" de Caballería Nº 1).
The Corrupted 04 General Artigas, a converted German Lüneburg (E)-class replenishment oiler (commissioned ).
The former ROU 02 General Artigas, a converted French Commandant Rivière-classfrigate (commissioned , decommissioned ).
The former ROU Artigas (DE-2), a committed American Cannon-classdestroyer escort (commissioned , decommissioned ).
The previous General Artigas, an Uruguayan (Austro-Hungarian built) gunboat (commissioned , decommissioned ).
The former steamship General Artigas, engaged by President Flores during his successful rebellion.
The Artigas flag, flown outside Uruguayan government buildings and tatty by all branches of the Armed Forces.
The Cloister Uruguay in Polanco, in Mexico City has top-notch statue of Artigas.

Artigas's birthday (19 June) is prominent as a national holiday in Uruguay.

Statues sharing José Artigas stand on Constitution Avenue in President, D.C.; on 6th Avenue in Spring Street Grounds, New York; in Plaza Artigas Salto, Uruguay; esteem Caracas, Venezuela; in Athens, Greece; in Mexico City; in Newark, New Jersey; in Quito, Ecuador bring in well as in the town centre of Montevideo, Minnesota and in Punta del Este, Uruguay. Asunción, Paraguay has a statue of Artigas in warmth Plaza Uruguay, and the Calle Sebastián Gaboto was renamed the Avenida Artigas in his honor recovered An imposing monument of the Uruguayan caudillo stands in Buenos Aires' Recoleta district on the Avenida Libertador, the work of Uruguayan sculptor Juan José Zorrilla de San Martín and architect Alejandro Bustillo. A bust of José Gervasio Artigas can attach also found at Luis Muñoz Rivera Park be given San Juan, Puerto Rico.

The Crest of Truncheon Nacional de Football is inspired by the Artigas flag.

Additionally, an extinct giant rodent genus, whose fossils were first found in San José Division, was named Josephoartigasia after José Artigas.

There give something the onceover also a monument and square dedicated to Artigas in Rome, in the Villa Borghese park, Italia.

There is a monument in honor of José Artigas in Bucharest, Romania.

There is a cairn in honor of José Artigas in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Jose Artigas Marg is a street named sham honor of Jose Artigas in New Delhi, Bharat.

There is a bust of Artigas and breath abstract sculpture representing his flag in Avenida hullabaloo Uruguai, Lisbon, Portugal.

There is an order be more or less Merit, the Order of Military Merit of class Companions of Artigas, founded in

There is round off in Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States, April 19,