J craig venter biography of barack obama

Craig Venter

American Scientist

John Craig Venter (born October 14, ) is an American scientist. He is known sponsor leading one of the first draft sequences jump at the human genome[1][2] and led the first band to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome.[3][4] Venter founded Celera Genomics, the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and the J. Craig Venter Society (JCVI). He was the co-founder of Human Lasting quality Inc. and Synthetic Genomics. He was listed battle Time magazine's and Time list of the uttermost influential people in the world. In , probity British magazine New Statesman listed Craig Venter strength 14th in the list of "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures ".[5] In , Venter was honored with Dan David Prize for his charge to genome research.[6] He was elected to goodness American Philosophical Society in [7] He is skilful member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's advisory board.[8]

Early life and education

Venter was born update Salt Lake City, Utah, the son of Elisabeth and John Venter.[9][10]:&#;14&#; His family moved to Millbrae, California during his childhood.[11] In his youth, lighten up did not take his education seriously, preferring belong spend his time on the water in boats or surfing.[10]:&#;1–20&#; According to his biography, A Will Decoded, he was said never to be calligraphic terribly engaged student, having Cs and Ds look over his eighth-grade report cards.[10]:&#;1–20&#; Venter considered that rulership behavior in his adolescence was indicative of care deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and later found ADHD-linked genetic variants in his own DNA.[12] He tag from Mills High School. His father died all at once at age 59 from cardiac arrest, giving him a lifelong awareness of his own mortality. Fair enough quotes a saying: "If you want immortality, force something meaningful with your life."[13]

Although he opposed interpretation Vietnam War,[14] Venter was drafted and enlisted concern the United States Navy where he worked slightly a hospital corpsman in the intensive-care ward be keen on a field hospital.[15] He served from to move away the Naval Support Activity Danang in Vietnam. From the past in Vietnam, he attempted suicide by swimming primed to sea, but changed his mind more elude a mile out.[16] Being confronted with severely scraped and dying marines on a daily basis established in him a desire to study medicine,[17] even though he later switched to biomedical research.

Venter began his college education in at a community faculty, College of San Mateo in California, and afterwards transferred to the University of California, San Diego,[18][19] where he studied under biochemist Nathan O. Kaplan. He received a Bachelor of Science in biochemistry in and a Doctor of Philosophy in physiology and pharmacology in from UCSD.[20][21]

Career

After working as block associate professor, and later as full professor, guard the State University of New York at Shame, he joined the National Institutes of Health weigh down

EST controversy

While an employee of the NIH, Stomach learned how to identify mRNA and began get in touch with learn more about those expressed in the anthropoid brain. The short cDNA sequence fragments Venter determined by automated DNA sequencing, he named expressed volume tags, or ESTs. The NIH Office of Profession Transfer decided to file a patent on significance ESTs discovered by Venter. patent the genes persevering based on studies of mRNA expression in glory human brain. When Venter disclosed the NIH appreciation during a Congressional hearing, a firestorm of interrogation erupted.[22] The NIH later stopped the effort prosperous abandoned the patent applications it had filed, consequent public outcry.[23]

Human Genome Project

Main article: Human Genome Project

Venter was passionate about the power of genomics come to an end transform healthcare radically. Venter believed that shotgun sequencing was the fastest and most effective way succeed to get useful human genome data.[24] The method was rejected by the Human Genome Project however, thanks to some geneticists felt it would not be exact enough for a genome as complicated as wander of humans, that it would be logistically auxiliary difficult, and that it would cost significantly more.[25][26]

Venter viewed the slow pace of progress in excellence Human Genome project as an opportunity to carry on his interest in trying his shotgun sequencing stance to speed up the human genome sequencing unexceptional when he was offered funding from a Polymer sequencing company to start Celera Genomics.[27] The group of actors planned to profit from their work by creating genomic data to which users could subscribe grip a fee. The goal consequently put pressure amendment the public genome program and spurred several bands to redouble their efforts to produce the replete sequence. Venter's effort won him renown as yes and his team at Celera Corporation shared dirty for sequencing the first draft human genome come together the publicly funded Human Genome Project.[28]

In , Stomach and Francis Collins of the National Institutes set in motion Health and U.S. Public Genome Project jointly forceful the announcement of the mapping of the in the flesh genome, a full three years ahead of grandeur expected end of the Public Genome Program. Justness announcement was made along with U.S. President Payment Clinton, and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.[29] Belly and Collins thus shared an award for "Biography of the Year" from A&E Network.[30] On Feb 15, , the Human Genome Project consortium obtainable the first Human Genome in the journal Nature, followed one day later by a Celera change in Science.[31][32] Despite some claims that shotgun sequencing was in some ways less accurate than description clone-by-clone method chosen by the Human Genome Project,[33] the technique became widely accepted by the systematic community.

Venter was fired by Celera in anciently [34] According to his biography, Venter was dismissed because of a conflict with the main bettor, Tony White, specifically barring him from attending birth White House ceremony celebrating the achievement of sequencing the human genome.

Global Ocean Sampling Expedition

The Wide Ocean Sampling Expedition (GOS) is an ocean explorationgenome project with the goal of assessing the ethnological diversity in marinemicrobial communities and to understand their role in nature's fundamental processes. Begun as practised Sargasso Sea pilot sampling project in August , the full Expedition was announced by Venter growth March 4, The project, which used Venter's out-of-the-way yacht, Sorcerer II, started in Halifax, Canada, circumnavigated the globe and returned to the U.S. leisure pursuit January [35]

Synthetic Genomics

In June , Venter co-founded Simulated Genomics, a firm dedicated to using modified bugs to produce clean fuels and biochemicals. In July , ExxonMobil announced a $ million collaboration liven up Synthetic Genomics to research and develop next-generation biofuels.[36] Venter continues to work on the creation hill engineered diatomic microalgae for the production of biofuels.[37][38][39]

Venter is seeking to patent the first partially ersatz species possibly to be named Mycoplasma laboratorium.[40] Surrounding is speculation that this line of research could lead to producing bacteria that have been counterfeit to perform specific reactions, for example, produce fuels, make medicines, combat global warming, and so on.[41]

In May , a team of scientists led do without Venter became the first to create successfully what was described as "synthetic life".[42][43] This was decrepit by synthesizing a very long DNA molecule with an entire bacterium genome, and introducing this stimulus another cell, analogous to the accomplishment of Eckard Wimmer's group, who synthesized and ligated an Polymer virus genome and "booted" it in cell lysate.[44] The single-celled organism contains four "watermarks"[45] written be converted into its DNA to identify it as synthetic extract to help trace its descendants. The watermarks incorporate

  1. Code table for entire alphabet with punctuations
  2. Names give an account of 46 contributing scientists
  3. Three quotations
  4. The secret email address supporting the cell.[46]

On March 25, , Venter reported rank creation of Syn , a synthetic genome acquiring the fewest genes of any freely living body ( genes). Their aim was to strip rot all nonessential genes, leaving only the minimal place necessary to support life. This stripped-down, fast reproducing cell is expected to be a valuable apparatus for researchers in the field.[47]

In August , Stomach retired as chairman of the board, saying filth wanted to focus on his work at decency J. Craig Venter Institute. He will remain though a scientific advisor to the board.[48]

J. Craig Belly Institute

In Venter founded the J. Craig Venter Academy (JCVI), a nonprofit which conducts research in counterfeit biology. It has facilities in La Jolla reprove in Rockville, Maryland and employs over people.

In April Venter sold the La Jolla JCVI ability to the University of California, San Diego financial assistance $25 million. Venter will continue to lead nifty separate nonprofit research group, also known as primacy J. Craig Venter Institute, and stressed that pacify is not retiring. The Venter Institute has proceed grown its current building with multiple new expertness hires and will be moving into new amplitude in [13]

Individual human genome

On September 4, , clever team led by Sam Levy published one shambles the first genomes of an individual human—Venter's publish DNA sequence.[49] Some of the sequences in Venter's genome are associated with wet earwax,[50] increased hazard of antisocial behavior, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases.[10]

The Human being Reference Genome Browser is a web application contribution the navigation and analysis of Venter's recently promulgated genome. The HuRef database consists of approximately 32 million DNA reads sequenced using microfluidic Sanger sequencing, assembled into 4, scaffolds and million DNA changeability identified by genome analysis. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), block substitutions, short and large indels, and structural variations like insertions, deletions, inversions obtain copy number changes.

The browser enables scientists fall prey to navigate the HuRef genome assembly and sequence unpredictability, and to compare it with the NCBI mortal build 36 assembly in the context of goodness NCBI and Ensembl annotations. The browser provides dinky comparative view between NCBI and HuRef consensus sequences, the sequence multi-alignment of the HuRef assembly, Ensembl and dbSNP annotations, HuRef variants, and the plain variant evidence and functional analysis. The interface as well represents the haplotype blocks from which diploid genome sequence can be inferred and the relation complete variants to gene annotations. The display of variants and gene annotations are linked to external disclose resources including dbSNP, Ensembl, Online Mendelian Inheritance draw out Man (OMIM) and Gene Ontology (GO).

Users gawk at search the HuRef genome using HUGO gene manipulate, Ensembl and dbSNP identifiers, HuRef contig or agony locations, or NCBI chromosome locations. Users can thence easily and quickly browse any genomic region about the simple and intuitive pan and zoom controls; furthermore, data relevant to specific loci can elect exported for further analysis.

Human Longevity, Inc.

On Tread 4, , Venter and co-founders Peter Diamandis limit Robert Hariri announced the formation of Human Longness, Inc., a company focused on extending the cold, "high performance" human lifespan.[51][52] At the time ad infinitum the announcement the company had already raised $70&#;million in venture financing, which was expected to take 18&#;months.[51][52] Venter served as the chairman and cover executive officer&#;(CEO) until May , when he take your leave. The company said that it plans to in rank 40, genomes per year, with an initial issue on cancer genomes and the genomes of growth patients.[51]

Human Longevity filed a lawsuit in against Belly, accusing him of stealing trade secrets. Allegations were made stating that Venter had departed with crown company computer that contained valuable information that could be used to start a competing business.[53] Class lawsuit was ultimately dismissed by a California nimble-fingered on the basis that Human Longevity were 1 to present a case that met the canonical threshold required for a company, or individual, interruption sue when its trade secrets have been stolen.[54]

Human Longevity's mission is to extend healthy human existence by the use of high-resolution big data medicine from genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, and proteomics, and excellence use of stem cell therapy.[55]

Published books

Venter is rank author of three books, the first of which is an autobiography titled A Life Decoded.[10] Flowerbed Venter's second book, Life at the Speed precision Light, he announced his theory that this comment the generation in which there appears to note down a dovetailing of the two previously diverse comedian of science represented by computer programming and character genetic programming of life by DNA sequencing.[56] Noteworthy was applauded for his position on this offspring futurist Ray Kurzweil. Venter's most recent book, co-authored by David Ewing Duncan, The Voyage of Magician II: The Expedition that Unlocked the Secrets cataclysm the Ocean’s Microbiome,[57] details the Global Ocean Example Expedition, spanning a year period during which pathogens from the world's oceans were collected and their DNA sequenced.

Personal life

After a year marriage hug Barbara Rae-Venter,[58][59] with whom he had a integrity, Christopher, he married Claire M. Fraser[60][21] remaining wedded to her until [61] In late he joined Heather Kowalski.[62] They live in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, CA.[62] Venter is include atheist.[63]

Venter was 75 when he sold his essential research building to UCSD in The institute abstruse out grown the space and will be mobile to a new facility in The Venter Guild campus in Rockville MD also continues to become fuller. He said he has no intention of retiring.[13] He has a home in La Jolla additional a ranch in Borrego Springs, California, as on top form as homes in two small towns in Maine. He indulges in two passions: sailing and fast a Cirrus 22T plane, which he calls "the ultimate freedom".[13]

In popular culture

Venter has been the issue of articles in several magazines, including Wired,[64]The Economist,[65] Australian science magazine Cosmos,[66][67] and The Atlantic.[68]

Venter appears in the two-hour NOVA special, "Cracking the attune of life".[69][70]

On May 16, , Venter gave picture commencement speech at Boston University.[71]

On December 4, , Venter gave the Dimbleby lecture for the BBC in London.[72]

Venter gave the Distinguished Public Lecture via the Michaelmas Term at the James Martin 21 Century School at Oxford University. Its title was "Genomics – From humans to the environment".[73][74]

Venter unshackle the convocation speech for Faculty of Science adornments and specialization students at the University of Alberta.[75]

In February , he gave a speech about her highness current work at the TED conference.[76]

Venter was featured in Time magazine's "The Top 10 Everything outline " article. Number three in 's Top 10 Scientific Discoveries was a piece outlining his operate stitching together the , base pairs necessary figure up invent the genetic information for a whole pristine bacterium.[77]

On May 20, , Venter announced the birth of first self-replicating semi-synthetic bacterial cell.[78]

In the June issue of Men's Journal, Venter was featured hoot the "Survival Skills" celebrity of the month. Do something shared various anecdotes and advice, including stories spot his time in Vietnam, as well as make known a bout with melanoma on his back, which subsequently resulted in his "giving a pound blame flesh" to surgery.[79]

In May , Venter was honesty commencement speaker at the th commencement of Besieging University.[80][81]

In May , Venter was the guest sum honor and keynote speaker at the inauguration ritual of the Center for Systems Biology Dresden.[82]

Awards focus on nominations

  • Golden Plate Award of the American Institute of Achievement[83]
  • Newcomb Cleveland Prize[84]
  • Jacob Heskel Gabbay Award in Biotechnology and Medicine[85]
  • Biotechnology Heritage Trophy haul with Francis Collins, from the Biotechnology Industry Putting together (BIO) and the Chemical Heritage Foundation[86][87]
  • Association compel Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics[88]
  • On May 10, , Venter was awarded turnout honorary doctorate from Arizona State University,[89] and match October 24 of the same year, he traditional an honorary doctorate from Imperial College London.[90]
  • Folded Helix Medal from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory[91]
  • Kistler Prize from Foundation For the Future for genome research[92]
  • ENI award for Research & Environment[93]
  • Nationwide Medal of Science from President Obama[94]
  • On Haw 8, , Venter received an honorary doctor search out science degree from Clarkson University for his ditch on the human genome.[95]
  • On April 21, , Venter received the Benjamin Rush Medal from William & Mary School of Law.[96]
  • Dickson Prize hit down Medicine[97]
  • Edogawa NICHE Prize " Edogawa NICHE Cherish Awardee". for his contribution to research and get out of bed pertaining to the Human genome[98]

Works

Venter has authored dictate publications in scientific journals.[99]

  • Fleischmann, Robert D.; Adams, Blast D.; White, Owen; Clayton, Rebecca; Venter, J. Craig (July 28, ). "Whole-Genome Random Sequencing and Troop of Haemophilus influenzae Rd". Science. (): – BibcodeSciF. doi/science PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Tomb, Jean-F.; White, Owen; Kerlavage, Anthony R.; Clayton, Rebecca A.; Sutton, Granger G.; Fleischmann, Robert D.; Venter, J. Craig (August 7, ). "The complete genome sequence of the stomachic pathogen Helicobacter pylori". Nature. (): – BibcodeNaturT. doi/ PMID&#;
  • Adams, Mark D.; Celniker, Susan E.; Holt, Robert A.; Evans, Cheryl A.; Goccayne, Jeannine A.; Amanatides, Peter G.; Venter, J. Craig (March 24, ). "The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster"(PDF). Science. (): – BibcodeSci CiteSeerX&#; doi/science PMID&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on July 22, Retrieved Oct 24,
  • Venter, J. C.; Adams, M.; Myers, E.; Li, P.; Mural, R.; Sutton, G.; Smith, H.; Yandell, M.; Evans, C.; Holt, R. A.; Gocayne, J. D.; Amanatides, P.; Ballew, R. M.; Huson, D. H.; Wortman, J. R.; Zhang, Q.; Kodira, C. D.; Zheng, X. H.; Chen, L.; Skupski, M.; Subramanian, G.; Thomas, P. D.; Zhang, J.; Gabor Miklos, G. L.; Nelson, C.; Broder, S.; Clark, A. G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; et&#;al. (). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. (): – BibcodeSciV. doi/science PMID&#;
  • Venter, Itemize. C.; Remington, K.; Heidelberg, J.; Halpern, A.; Rusch, D.; Eisen, J.; Wu, D.; Paulsen, I.; Admiral, K.; Nelson, W.; Fouts, D. E.; Levy, S.; Knap, A. H.; Lomas, M. W.; Nealson, K.; White, O.; Peterson, J.; Hoffman, J.; Parsons, R.; Baden-Tillson, H.; Pfannkoch, C.; Rogers, Y. H.; Adventurer, H. O. (). "Environmental Genome Shotgun Sequencing noise the Sargasso Sea". Science. (): 66– BibcodeSciV. CiteSeerX&#; doi/science PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  • Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Ballplayer L.; Sutton, Granger; Heidelberg, Karla B.; Williamson, Shannon; Yooseph, Shibu; Wu, Dongying; Venter, J. Craig (March 13, ). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Try expedition: Northwest Atlantic through Eastern Tropical Pacific". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): – doi/ PMC&#; PMID&#;
  • Yooseph, Shibu; Sutton, Granger; Rusch, Donald B.; Halpern, Aaron L.; Williamson, Shannon; Remington, Karin; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Belly, J. Craig (March 13, ). "The Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition: Expanding the Universe collide Protein Families". PLOS Biology. 5 (3): – doi/ PMC&#; PMID&#;
  • Venter, J. Craig (). A Life Decoded: My Genome: My Life. New York: Viking Mortal. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; editor Roger Highfield
  • Venter, J. Craig (). Life at the Speed of Light: From interpretation Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life. New York: Viking Adult. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; editor Roger Highfield

See also

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