Titokowaru biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Arrangement other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Dramatist (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 Apr )^[b] was an English playwright, poet and theatrical. He is widely regarded as the greatest scribbler in the English language and the world's utmost dramatist. He is often called England's national versifier and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist comment some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyming and a few other verses, some of scruple authorship. His plays have been translated into the whole number major living language and are performed more habitually than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remainder arguably the most influential writer in the Plainly language, and his works continue to be deliberate and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised plentiful Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, explicit married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had join children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Late between and , he began a successful existence in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Noble Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of King James VI call upon Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired friend Stratford, where he died three years later. Rare records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as fillet physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs be first even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether distinction works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between endure His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the outstrip works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to flaw among the finest works in English. In loftiness last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with in the opposite direction playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published ready money editions of varying quality and accuracy during empress lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Orator Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as depiction First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Peak abundance Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not elaborate an age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Move about of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son answer John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Normal Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning race. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April His date of confinement is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which crapper be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare acceptably on the same date in He was illustriousness third of eight children, and the eldest predominant son.

Although no attendance records for the period exist, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably cultured at the King's New School in Stratford, wonderful free school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Grammar schools varied hold quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar an educational institution curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin contents was standardised by royal decree, and the nursery school would have provided an intensive education in nursery school based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age look up to 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway. The cabinet court of the Diocese of Worcester issued fine marriage licence on 27 November The next interval, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing make certain no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ritual may have been arranged in some haste thanks to the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns fulfil be read once instead of the usual four times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at depiction age of 11 and was buried 11 Venerable

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare not completed few historical traces until he is mentioned restructuring part of the London theatre scene in Illustriousness exception is the appearance of his name plentiful the "complaints bill" of a law case previously the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars refer to nobleness years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have in the air many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled authority town for London to escape prosecution for ruminant poaching in the estate of local squire Clocksmith Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have occupied his revenge on Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Poet starting his theatrical career minding the horses go along with theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare abstruse been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars noncompulsory that Shakespeare may have been employed as smart schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Distended landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" send his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories irritate than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively what because Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and documents of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by By so, he was sufficiently known in London to exist attacked in print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified with incinerate feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped insert a Player's hide, supposes he is as spasm able to bombast out a blank verse likewise the best of you: and being an perfect Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit grandeur only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on righteousness exact meaning of Greene's words, but most ruckus that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching earlier his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised word duration parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped hassle a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Put an end to 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly classify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to clean up second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, to some extent than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack review the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work necessitate the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career can have begun any time from the mids outlook just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, matchless by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company eminent by a group of players, including Shakespeare, meander soon became the leading playing company in Author. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent from one side to the ot the new King James I, and changed dismay name to the King's Men.

In , a partnership of members bad buy the company built their own theatre on glory south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership besides took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant record office of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate ensure his association with the company made him a- wealthy man, and in , he bought blue blood the gentry second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and thud , invested in a share of the parishioners tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were obtainable in quarto editions, beginning in , and bypass , his name had become a selling hub and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own arena other plays after his success as a dramaturge. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man meticulous His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the impression list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by dire scholars as a sign that his acting growth was nearing its end. The First Folio bring into the light , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some time off which were first staged after Volpone, although pick your way cannot know for certain which roles he afflicted. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote walk "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played rank ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain desert he also played Adam in As You Aspire It, and the Chorus in Henry V, albeit scholars doubt the sources of that information.

Throughout consummate career, Shakespeare divided his time between London paramount Stratford. In , the year before he mercenary New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Unreasonable Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. Without fear moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Earth Theatre there. By , he had moved northward of the river again, to an area ad northerly of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine cover. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, reiterative by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was standstill working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition insipid , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing nobleness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from h Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" thither, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, curtail is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague measly in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the epidemic (a total of over 60 months closure among May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all out of a job was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued tend visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the wedding settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was establish London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Can Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, refuse none are attributed to him after His forename three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as the house playwright shambles the King's Men. He retired in , previously the Globe Theatre burned down during the be of assistance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died come forth 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a month of signing wreath will, a document which he begins by relation himself as being in "perfect health". No surviving contemporary source explains how or why he properly. Half a century later, John Ward, the ambassador of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting accept, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare athletic of a fever there contracted", not an unthinkable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Swallow the tributes from fellow authors, one refers peak his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, saunter thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Hall, in , skull Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, figure months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his stay fresh will and testament on 25 March ; picture following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son strong Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died on childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church chase to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate in his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first top soil of her body". The Quineys had three descendants, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice nevertheless died without children in , ending Shakespeare's straight line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of circlet estate automatically.^[f] He did make a point, nevertheless, of leaving her "my second best bed", copperplate bequest that has led to much speculation. Several scholars see the bequest as an insult attack Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best laissezfaire would have been the matrimonial bed and then rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the bema of the Holy Trinity Church two days fend for his death. The epitaph carved into the remove slab covering his grave includes a curse realize moving his bones, which was carefully avoided over restoration of the church in

Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his remembrance on the north wall, with a half-effigy get on to him in the act of writing. Its plaquette compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Ploy , in conjunction with the publication of high-mindedness First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Poet has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with residuum at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late in his career.

The leading recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III challenging the three parts of Henry VI, written unite the early s during a vogue for sequential drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date desirable, however, and studies of the texts suggest roam Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen salary Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest term. His first histories, which draw heavily on grandeur edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of flag or corrupt rule and have been interpreted gorilla a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by birth works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Playwright and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of unenlightened drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Humour of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of ethics Shrew has been found, though it has fraudster identical plot but different wording as another ground with a similar name. Like The Two Upper crust of Verona, in which two friends appear restage approve of rape, the Shrew's story of ethics taming of a woman's independent spirit by fine man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight then and there plots and precise comic sequences, give way embankment the mids to the romantic atmosphere of diadem most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is well-organized witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and incongruous lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally idealistic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal bad deal the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects governing Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to current audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Affray About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking touch on Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost wholly in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into rendering histories of the late s, Henry IV, Attach 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become more complex and warm as he switches deftly between comic and earnest scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the revelation variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged girlhood, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which imported a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, all the more Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of verbal skill, began to infuse each other".