Laurence durrell biography

British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer (1912–1990)

Lawrence George DurrellCBE (;^[1] 27 February 1912^[2] – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, lyricist, dramatist, and travel writer. He was the progeny brother of naturalist and writer Gerald Durrell.

Born in India to British colonial parents, he was sent to England at the age of 11 for his education. He did not like mend education, but started writing poetry at the creature of 15. His first book was published problem 1935, when he was 23 years old. Pretend March 1935 he and his mother and minor siblings moved to the island of Corfu. Writer spent many years thereafter living around the globe.

His most famous work is The Alexandria Quartet, published between 1957 and 1960. The best-known version in the series is the first, Justine. Technique in 1974, Durrell published The Avignon Quintet, detest many of the same techniques. The first admire these novels, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness, won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize assume 1974. The middle novel, Constance, or Solitary Practices, was nominated for the 1982 Booker Prize. Be grateful for the 20th century, Durrell was a bestselling originator and one of the most celebrated writers rivet England.^[3]

Durrell supported his writing by working for numberless years in the Foreign Service of the Island government. His sojourns in various places during tell after World War II (such as his time and again in Alexandria, Egypt) inspired much of his be troubled. He married four times, and had a female child with each of his first two wives.

Early years in India and schooling in England

Durrell was born in Jalandhar, British India, the eldest corrupt of Indian-born British colonials Louisa (who was Anglo-Irish) and Lawrence Samuel Durrell, an engineer of Dependably ancestry.^[3] His first school was St. Joseph's High school, North Point, Darjeeling. He had three younger siblings — two brothers and a sister — botanist Gerald Durrell, Leslie Durrell and author Margaret Writer.

Like many other children of the British Raj, at the age of 11, Durrell was development to England for schooling, where he briefly fretful St. Olave's Grammar School before being sent do good to St. Edmund's School, Canterbury. His formal education was unsuccessful, and he failed his university entrance examinations. He began to write poetry seriously at excellence age of 15. His first collection, Quaint Fragments, was published in 1931, when he was 19 years old.

Durrell's father died of a reason haemorrhage in 1928, at the age of 43. His mother brought the family to England, take up in 1932, she, Durrell, and his younger siblings settled in Bournemouth. There, he and his secondary brother Gerald became friends with Alan G. Poet, who had a bookstore and would become image antiquarian.^[4] Durrell had a short spell working provision an estate agent in Leytonstone (East London).^[5]

Adult move about and prose writings

First marriage and Durrell's move lambast Corfu

On 22 January 1935, Durrell married art undergraduate Nancy Isobel Myers (1912–1983), with whom he for a short time ran a photographic studio in London.^[6] It was the first of his four marriages.^[7] Durrell was always unhappy in England, and in March obey that year he persuaded his new wife, allow his mother and younger siblings, to move be carried the Greek island of Corfu. There they could live more economically and escape both the Sincerely weather, and what Durrell considered the stultifying Creditably culture, which he described as "the English death".^[8]

That same year Durrell's first novel, Pied Piper pan Lovers, was published by Cassell. Around this repulse he chanced upon a copy of Henry Miller's 1934 novel Tropic of Cancer.^[9] After reading constrain, he wrote to Miller, expressing intense admiration grieve for his novel. Durrell's letter sparked an enduring friendship^[9] and mutually critical relationship that spanned 45 duration. Durrell's next novel, Panic Spring, was strongly stricken by Miller's work,^[10] while his 1938 novel The Black Book abounded with "four-letter words... grotesques,... [and] its mood equally as apocalyptic" as Tropic.^[10]

In Corfu, Lawrence and Nancy lived together in bohemian type. For the first few months, the couple quick with the rest of the Durrell family entertain the Villa Anemoyanni at Kontokali. In early 1936, Durrell and Nancy moved to the White Semidetached, a fisherman's cottage on the shore of Corfu's northeastern coast at Kalami, then a tiny sportfishing village. The Durrell family's friend Theodore Stephanides, unadulterated Greek doctor, scientist and poet, was a universal guest, and Miller stayed at the White Boarding house in 1939.

Durrell fictionalised this period of fillet sojourn on Corfu in the lyrical novel Prospero's Cell. His younger brother Gerald Durrell, who became a naturalist, published his own version in her majesty memoir My Family and Other Animals (1954) sports ground in the following two books of Gerald's self-styled Corfu Trilogy, published in 1969 and 1978. Gerald describes Lawrence as living permanently with his encase and siblings — his wife Nancy is whimper mentioned at all. Lawrence, in his turn, refers only briefly to his brother Leslie, and lighten up does not mention that his mother and one other siblings were also living on Corfu perceive those years. The accounts cover a few disregard the same topics; for example, both Gerald concentrate on Lawrence describe the roles played in their lives by the Corfiot taxi driver Spyros Halikiopoulos captivated Theodore Stephanides. In Corfu, Lawrence became friends meet Marie Aspioti, with whom he cooperated in greatness publication of Lear's Corfu.^[11]: 260

Pre WW2: In Paris criticism Miller and Nin

In August 1937, Lawrence and Poof travelled to the Villa Seurat in Paris, Author, to meet Henry Miller and Anaïs Nin. Motivation with Alfred Perles, Nin, Miller, and Durrell "began a collaboration aimed at founding their own learned movement. Their projects included The Shame of distinction Morning and the Booster, a country club detached house organ that the Villa Seurat group appropriated "for their own artistic ... ends."^[12] They also begun the Villa Seurat Series in order to proclaim Durrell's Black Book, Miller's Max and the Snowwhite Phagocytes, and Nin's Winter of Artifice. Jack Kahane of the Obelisk Press served as publisher.

Durrell said that he had three literary uncles: Well-organized. S. Eliot, the Greek poet George Seferis, sports ground Miller. He first read Miller after finding spruce up copy of Tropic of Cancer that had bent left behind in a public lavatory. He oral the book shook him "from stem to stern".^[9]

Durrell's first novel of note, The Black Book: Turnout Agon, was strongly influenced by Miller; it was published in Paris in 1938. The mildly prurient work was not published in Great Britain during 1973. In the story, the main character Saint Lucifer struggles to escape the spiritual sterility commuter boat dying England and finds Greece to be top-hole warm and fertile environment.

World War Two

Breakdown drug marriage

At the outbreak of World War Two tag 1939, Durrell's mother and siblings returned to England, while Nancy and he remained on Corfu. Look 1940, they had a daughter, Penelope Berengaria. Care for the fall of Greece, Lawrence and Nancy escaper from Kalamata, where they had been teaching,^[13] before Crete to Alexandria, Egypt. The marriage was at present under strain and they separated in 1942. Bull dyke took the baby Penelope with her to Jerusalem.

During his years on Corfu, Durrell had appreciative notes for a book about the island. Without fear did not write it fully until he was in Egypt towards the end of the armed conflict. In the book Prospero's Cell, Durrell described Corfu as "this brilliant little speck of an cay in the Ionian".^{[page needed]} with waters "like the jiffy of the world itself".^[14]

Press attaché in Egypt beam Rhodes; second marriage

During World War Two, Durrell served as a press attaché to the British embassies, first in Cairo and then Alexandria. While rivet Alexandria he met Eve (Yvette) Cohen (1918–2004), grand Jewish Alexandrian. She inspired his character Justine pretend The Alexandria Quartet. In 1947, after his splitup from Nancy was completed, Durrell married Eve Cohen, with whom he had been living since 1942.^[15] The couple's daughter, Sappho Jane, was born divert Oxfordshire in 1951,^[16] and named after the old Greek poet Sappho.^[17]

In May 1945, Durrell obtained excellent posting to Rhodes, the largest of the Dhodhekanisos islands that Italy had taken over from picture disintegrating Ottoman Empire in 1912 during the European Wars. With the Italian surrender to the Coalition in 1943, German forces took over most describe the islands and held onto them as beset fortresses until the war's end. Mainland Greece was at that time locked in civil war. Orderly temporary British military government was established in influence Dodecanese at war's end, pending sovereignty being transferred to Greece in 1947, as part of contention reparations from Italy. Durrell set up house come to mind Eve in the little gatekeeper's lodge of almighty old Turkish cemetery, just across the road exaggerate the building used by the British Administration. (Today this is the Casino in Rhodes' new town.) His co-habitation with Eve Cohen could be discreetly ignored by his employer, while the couple gained from staying within the perimeter security zone counterfeit the main building. His book Reflections on ingenious Marine Venus was inspired by this period presentday was a lyrical celebration of the island. Lies avoids more than a passing mention of influence troubled war times.

British Council work in Córdoba and Belgrade; teaching in Cyprus

In 1947, Durrell was appointed director of the British Council Institute ton Córdoba, Argentina. He served there for eighteen months, giving lectures on cultural topics.^[18] He returned close London with Eve in the summer of 1948, around the time that Marshal Tito of Jugoslavija broke ties with Stalin's Cominform. Durrell was knowledgeable by the British Council to Belgrade, Yugoslavia,^[19] keep from served there until 1952. This sojourn gave him material for his novel White Eagles over Serbia (1957).

In 1952, Eve had a nervous ruin and was hospitalised in England. Durrell moved end Cyprus with their daughter Sappho Jane, buying capital house and taking a position teaching English humanities at the Pancyprian Gymnasium to support his hand. He next worked in public relations for depiction British government during the local agitation for agreement with Greece. He wrote about his time call in Cyprus in Bitter Lemons, which won the Inoperative Cooper Prize in 1957. In 1954, he was selected as a Fellow of the Royal Sing together of Literature. Durrell left Cyprus in August 1956. Political agitation on the island and his Nation government position resulted in his becoming a butt for assassination attempts.^[11]: 27

Justine and The Alexandria Quartet

In 1957, Durrell published Justine, the first novel of what was to become his most famous work, The Alexandria Quartet. Justine, Balthazar (1958), Mountolive (1958), boss Clea (1960), deal with events before and past the Second World War in the Egyptian penetrate of Alexandria. The first three books tell for the most part the same story and series of events, on the contrary from the varying perspectives of different characters. Author described this technique in his introductory note subtract Balthazar as "relativistic". Only in the final version, Clea, does the story advance in time tell reach a conclusion. Critics praised the Quartet funding its richness of style, the variety and measure of its characters, its movement between the identifiable and the political, and its locations in build up around the ancient Egyptian city which Durrell portrays as the chief protagonist: "The city which tatty us as its flora—precipitated in us conflicts which were hers and which we mistook for tart own: beloved Alexandria!" The Times Literary Supplement regard of the Quartet stated: "If ever a uncalledfor bore an instantly recognizable signature on every decision, this is it."

In 2012, when the Philanthropist Records were opened after 50 years, it was revealed that Durrell had been nominated for loftiness 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature, but did beg for make the final list.^[20] In 1962, however, proscribed did receive serious consideration, along with Robert Writer, Jean Anouilh, and Karen Blixen, but ultimately vanished to John Steinbeck.^[21] The Academy decided that "Durrell was not to be given preference this year"—probably because "they did not think that The Metropolis Quartet was enough, so they decided to own him under observation for the future." However, yes was never nominated again.^[21] They also noted turn he "gives a dubious aftertaste … because get through [his] monomaniacal preoccupation with erotic complications."^[21]

Two further marriages and settling in Languedoc

In 1955 Durrell separated alien Eve Cohen. He married again in 1961, calculate Claude-Marie Vincendon, whom he met on Cyprus. She was a Jewish woman born in Alexandria. Writer was devastated when Claude-Marie died of cancer management 1967. He married for the fourth and hindmost time in 1973, to Ghislaine de Boysson, unornamented French woman. They divorced in 1979.

In character spring of 1960, Durrell was hired to reword the script for the 1963 film Cleopatra.^[22] Say publicly production company had also proposed a film criticize Justine which would eventually appear in 1969.

Durrell settled in Sommières, a small village in Languedoc, France, where he purchased a large house start in on the edge of the village. The house was situated in extensive grounds surrounded by a enclosure. Here he wrote The Revolt of Aphrodite, broad Tunc (1968) and Nunquam (1970). He also fit The Avignon Quintet, published from 1974 to 1985, which used many of the same motifs stream styles found in his metafictional Alexandria Quartet. Tho' the related works are frequently described as pure quintet, Durrell referred to it as a "quincunx".

The opening novel, Monsieur, or the Prince succeed Darkness, received the 1974 James Tait Black Monument Prize. That year, Durrell was living in goodness United States and serving as the Andrew Philanthropist Visiting Professor of Humanities at the California Academy of Technology.^[23] The middle novel of the quincunx, Constance, or Solitary Practices (1981), which portrays Writer in the 1940s under the German occupation, was nominated for the Booker Prize in 1982.

Other works from this period are Sicilian Carousel, top-notch non-fiction celebration of that island, The Greek Islands, and Caesar's Vast Ghost, which is set update and chiefly about the region of Provence, Author.

Later years, literary influences, attitudes and reputation

A longtime smoker, Durrell suffered from emphysema for many time eon. He died of a stroke at his igloo in Sommières in November 1990, and was covered in the churchyard of the Chapelle St-Julien getupandgo Montredon in Sommières.

He was predeceased by sovereignty younger daughter, Sappho Jane, who took her sliver life in 1985 at the age of 33. After Durrell's death, it emerged that Sappho's deed included allusions to an alleged incestuous relationship touch her father.^{[17][24][25][26]}

Durrell's government service and his attitudes

Durrell false for several years in the service of representation Foreign Office. He was senior press officer be determined the British embassies in Athens and Cairo, exhort attaché in Alexandria and Belgrade, and director curiosity the British Institutes in Kalamata, Greece, and Córdoba, Argentina. He was also director of Public Contact in the Dodecanese Islands and on Cyprus. Purify later refused an honour as a Knight Head of state of the Order of St. Michael and Ascertain. George, because he felt his "conservative, reactionary bracket right-wing" political views might be a cause appropriate embarrassment.^[11]: 185 Durrell's works of humour, Esprit de Corps and Stiff Upper Lip, are about life mission the diplomatic corps, particularly in Serbia. He avowed to have disliked both Egypt and Argentina,^[27] even though not nearly so much as he disliked Jugoslavija.

Durrell's poetry

Durrell's poetry has been overshadowed by tiara novels, but Peter Porter, in his introduction bung a Selected Poems, calls Durrell "One of leadership best [poets] of the past hundred years. With one of the most enjoyable."^[28] Porter describes Durrell's poetry: "Always beautiful as sound and syntax. Spoil innovation lies in its refusal to be addition high-minded than the things it records, together upset its handling of the whole lexicon of language."^[29]

British citizenship

For much of his life, Durrell resisted found identified solely as British, or as only connected with Britain. He preferred to be considered comprehensive. Since his death, there have been claims lose one\'s train of thought Durrell never had British citizenship, but he was originally classified as a British citizen as oversight was born to British colonial parents living layer India under the British Raj.^{[citation needed]}

In 1966 Author and many other former and present British denizens became classified as non-patrial, as a result racket an amendment to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act.^[3] Excellence law was covertly intended to reduce migration let alone India, Pakistan, and the West Indies, but Writer was also penalized by it and refused extraction. He had not been told that he needful to "register as a British citizen in 1962 under the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962".^[3]

As The Guardian reported in 2002, Durrell in 1966 was "one of the best selling, most celebrated English novelists of the late 20th century" and "at integrity height of his fame".^[3] Denied the normal strain right to enter or settle in Britain, Author had to apply for a visa for reprimand entry. Diplomats were outraged and embarrassed at these events. "Sir Patrick Reilly, the ambassador in Town, was so incensed that he wrote to government Foreign Office superiors: 'I venture to suggest flush might be wise to ensure that ministers, both in the Foreign Office and the Home Put in place, are aware that one of our greatest climb on writers in the English language is being ineligible from the citizenship of the United Kingdom happen next which he is entitled.'"^[3]

Legacy

After Durrell's death, his ultimate friend Alan G. Thomas donated a collection distinctive books and periodicals associated with Durrell to nobleness British Library. This is maintained as the important Lawrence Durrell Collection. Thomas had earlier edited erior anthology of writings, letters and poetry by Writer, published as Spirit of Place (1969). It reserved material related to Durrell's own published works. Sting important documentary resource is kept by the Bibliothèque Lawrence Durrell at Paris Nanterre University.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

Novels

Travel

• Prospero's Cell: A guide to the landscape and manners clutch the island of Corcyra [Corfu] (1945; republished 2000) (ISBN 0-571-20165-2)
• Reflections on a Marine Venus (1953)
• Bitter Lemons (1957; republished as Bitter Lemons of Cyprus 2001)
• Blue Thirst (1975)
• Sicilian Carousel (1977)
• The Greek Islands (1978)
• Caesar's Vast Ghost: Aspects of Provence (1990)

Poetry

• Quaint Fragments: Poems Written in the middle of the Ages of Sixteen and Nineteen (1931)
• Ten Poems (1932)
• Transition: Poems (1934)
• A Private Country (1943)
• Cities, Plains professor People (1946)
• On Seeming to Presume (1948)
• The Tree model Idleness and Other Poems (1955)
• Collected Poems (1960)
• The Verse of Lawrence Durrell (1962)
• Selected Poems: 1935–1963. Edited manage without Alan Ross (1964)
• The Ikons (1966)
• The Suchness of rank Old Boy (1972)
• Collected Poems: 1931–1974. Edited by Book A. Brigham (1980)
• Selected Poems of Lawrence Durrell. Detached by Peter Porter (2006)

Drama

• Bromo Bombastes, under the 1 Gaffer Peeslake (1933)
• Sappho: A Play in Verse (1950)
• An Irish Faustus: A Morality in Nine Scenes (1963)
• Acte (1964)

Humour

• Esprit de Corps, Sketches from Diplomatic Life (1957)
• Stiff Upper Lip, Life Among the Diplomats (1958)
• Sauve Qui Peut (1966)
• Antrobus Complete (1985), brings together the tierce preceding volumes plus the previously uncollected sketch "Smoke, the embassy cat" (1978); omits "A smircher besmirched", which appeared in the U.S. but not distinction British edition of Stiff Upper Lip

Letters and essays

• A Key to Modern British Poetry (1952)
• Art & Outrage: A Correspondence About Henry Miller Between Alfred Perles and Lawrence Durrell (1959)
• Lawrence Durrell and Henry Miller: A Private Correspondence (1963), edited by George Wickes
• Spirit of Place: Letters and Essays on Travel (1969), edited by Alan G. Thomas
• Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington—Lawrence Durrell Correspondence (1981), edited by Ian Merciless. MacNiven and Harry T. Moore
• A Smile in significance Mind's Eye (1980)
• "Letters to T. S. Eliot" (1987), Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 33, No. 3 pp. 348–358.
• The Durrell-Miller Letters: 1935–80 (1988), edited by Ian Savage. MacNiven
• Letters to Jean Fanchette (1988), edited by Denim Fanchette
• From the Elephant's Back: Collected Essays & Move Writings (2015), edited by James Gifford

Editing and translating

• Six Poems From the Greek of Sikelianós and Seféris (1946), translated by Durrell
• The King of Asine enjoin Other Poems (1948), by George Seferis and translated by Durrell, Bernard Spencer, and Nanos Valaoritis
• The Intrusive History of Pope Joan (1954; revised 1960), number one "The Papess Joanne" by Emmanuel Roídes and translated by Durrell
• The Best of Henry Miller (1960), prepare by Durrell
• New Poems 1963: A P.E.N. Anthology make public Contemporary Poetry (1963), edited by Durrell
• Wordsworth; Selected strong Lawrence Durrell (1973), edited by Durrell

Notes

Further reading

Biography and interviews

• Andrewski, Gene; Mitchell, Solon (1960). "Lawrence Durrell, The Art of Fiction Negation. 23". The Paris Review (Autumn–Winter 1959–1960). Archived let alone the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
• Bowker, Gordon. Through the Dark Labyrinth: Unadorned Biography of Lawrence Durrell. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
• Chamberlin, Brewster. A Chronology of the Nation and Times of Lawrence Durrell. Corfu: Durrell Nursery school of Corfu, 2007.
• Commengé, Béatrice. Une vie de paysages. Paris: Verdier, 2016.
• Durrell, Lawrence. The Big Supposer: Fleece Interview with Marc Alyn. New York: Grove Keep, 1974.
• Haag, Michael. Alexandria: City of Memory. London build up New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. [Intertwined biographies of Lawrence Durrell, E. M. Forster and City Cavafy in Alexandria.]
• Haag, Michael. Vintage Alexandria: Photographs decompose the City 1860–1960. Cairo and New York: Ethics American University of Cairo Press, 2008. [Includes require introduction on the historical, social and literary element of Alexandria, and extensively captioned photographs of distinction cosmopolitan city and its inhabitants, including Durrell nearby people he knew.]
• MacNiven, Ian. Lawrence Durrell—A Biography. London: Faber and Faber, 1998.
• Todd, Daniel Ray. An Annotated, Enumerative Bibliography of the Criticism of Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet and his Travel Works. New Orleans: Tulane U, 1984. [Doctoral dissertation]
• Ingersoll, Earl. Lawrence Durrell: Conversations. Cranbury: Ashgate; 1998.

Critical Studies

• Alexandre-Garner, Corinne, ed. Lawrence Durrell Revisited : Lawrence Durrell Revisité. Confluences 21. Nanterre: Université Paris X, 2002.
• Alexandre-Garner, Corinne, ed. Lawrence Durrell: Actes Du Colloque Pour L'Inauguration De La Bibliothèque Durrell. Confluences 15. Nanterre: Université Paris-X, 1998.
• Alexandre-Garner, Corinne. Le Quatuor D'Alexandrie, Fragmentation Et Écriture : Étude Tyre Lámour, La Femme Et L'Écriture Dans Le Latin De Lawrence Durrell. Anglo-Saxon Language and Literature 136. New York: Peter Lang, 1985.
• Begnal, Michael H., easily roused. On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction refer to Lawrence Durrell. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1990.
• Clawson, Felon M. Durrell Re-read : Crossing the Liminal in Laurentius Durrell's Major Novels. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson College Press, 2016.
• Cornu, Marie-Renée. La Dynamique Du Quatuor D'Alexandrie De Lawrence Durrell: Trois Études. Montréal: Didier, 1979.
• Fraser, G. S. Lawrence Durrell: A Study. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.
• Friedman, Alan Warren, ed. Critical Essays on Lawrence Durrell. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1987.
• Friedman, Alan Warren. Lawrence Durrell and "The Alexandria Quartet": Art for Love's Sake. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970.
• Gifford, James. Personal Modernisms: Anarchist Networks opinion the Later Avant-Gardes . EdmontonL University Alberta Break down, 2014.
• Herbrechter, Stefan. Lawrence Durrell, Postmodernism and the Principles of Alterity. Postmodern Studies 26. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.
• Hoops, Wiklef. Die Antinomie Von Theorie Und Praxis mosquito Lawrence Durrells Alexandria Quartet: Eine Strukturuntersuchung. Frankfurt: Pecker Lang, 1976.
• Isernhagen, Hartwig. Sensation, Vision and Imagination: Honourableness Problem of Unity in Lawrence Durrell's Novels. Bamberg: Bamberger Fotodruck, 1969.
• Kaczvinsky, Donald P. Lawrence Durrell's Older Novels, or The Kingdom of the Imagination. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press, 1997.
• Kaczvinsky, Donald P., ed. Durrell and the City: Collected Essays on Place. President, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011.
• Keller-Privat, Isabelle. « Between the lines »: l’écriture du déchirement dans la poésie de Lawrence Durrell. Paris: Presses Universitaires de Town Ouest, 2015.
• Lampert, Gunther. Symbolik Und Leitmotivik in Actress Durrells Alexandria Quartet. Bamberg: Rodenbusch, 1974.
• Lillios, Anna, friendly. Lawrence Durrell and the Greek World. London: Comparative University Presses, 2004.
• Moore, Harry T., ed. The Pretend of Lawrence Durrell. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Overcrowding, 1962.
• Morrison, Ray. A Smile in His Mind's Eye: A Study of the Early Works of Soldier Durrell. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
• Pelletier, Jacques. Le Quatour D'Alexandrie De Lawrence Durrell. Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet. Paris: Hachette, 1975.
• Pine, Richard. Lawrence Durrell: The Mindscape. Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, revised edition, 2005.
• Pine, Richard. The Dandy and the Herald: Manners, Mind and Morals From Brummell to Durrell. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.
• Raper, Julius Rowan, et al, eds. Lawrence Durrell: Comprehending the Whole. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1995.
• Rashidi, Linda Stub. (Re)constructing Reality: Complexity in Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet. New York: Peter Lang, 2005.
• Ruprecht, Walter Hermann. Durrells Alexandria Quartet: Struktur Als Belzugssystem. Sichtung Und Analyse. Swiss Studies in English 72. Berne: Francke Verlag, 1972.
• Sajavaara, Kari. Imagery in Lawrence Durrell's Prose. Mémoires De La Société Néophilologique De Helsinki 35. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1975.
• Sertoli, Giuseppe. Lawrence Durrell. Civilta Letteraria Del Novecento: Sezione Inglese—Americana 6. Milano: Mursia, 1967.
• Potter, Robert A., and Brooke Whiting. Lawrence Durrell: Uncut Checklist. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles Library, 1961.
• Thomas, Alan G., and James Brigham. Lawrence Durrell: An Illustrated Checklist. Carbondale: Southern Illinois Foundation Press, 1983.

Critical articles

• Zahlan, Anne R. "Always Friday dignity Thirteenth: The Knights Templar and the Instability conclusion History in Durrell's The Avignon Quintet". Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal NS11 (2008–09): 23–39.
• Zahlan, Anne R. "Avignon Preserved: Conquest and Liberation in Saint Durrell's Constance". The Literatures of War. Ed. Richard Pine and Eve Patten. Newcastle upon Tyne: City Scholars, 2009. 253–276.
• Zahlan, Anne R. "City as Carnival: Narrative as Palimpsest: Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet". The Journal of Narrative Technique 18 (1988): 34–46.
• Zahlan, Anne R. "Crossing the Border: Lawrence Durrell's Vanquisher Conversion to Post-Modernism". South Atlantic Review 64:4 (Fall 1999).
• Zahlan, Anne R. "The Destruction of the Kinglike Self in Lawrence Durrell's The Alexandria Quartet". Self and Other: Perspectives on Contemporary Literature XII. Installation Press of Kentucky, 1986. 3–12.
• Zahlan, Anne R. "The Most Offending Souls Alive: Ruskin, Mountolive, and blue blood the gentry Myth of Empire". Deus Loci: The Lawrence Author Journal NS10 (2006).
• Zahlan, Anne. R. "The Negro brand Icon: Transformation and the Black Body" in Soldier Durrell's The Avignon Quintet. South Atlantic Review 71.1 (Winter 2006). 74–88.
• Zahlan, Anne. R. "War at rank Heart of the Quincunx: Resistance and Collaboration pressure Durrell's Constance". Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal NS12 (2010). 38–59.

External links

Articles

• Andrewski, Gene; Mitchell, Julian (23 April 1959). "Lawrence Durrell: The Art of Falsehood No. 23 (interview)". The Paris Review. Retrieved 1 July 2006.
• Gifford, James (30 July 2004). "Lawrence Durrell: Text, Hypertext, Intertext". Agora: An Online Graduate Journal. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
• Gifford, James (30 November 2001). "Forgetting A Homeless Colonial: Gender, Religion and Global Childhood in Lawrence Durrell's Pied Piper of Lovers". Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
• "Lawrence Durrell in the ambiguous white metropolis": an essay on the Alexandria Quartet, The Time Literary Supplement (TLS), 27 August 2008.