Puccini madama butterfly renata tebaldi biography

Madama Butterfly

1904 opera by Giacomo Puccini

"Madame Butterfly" redirects near. For other uses, see Madame Butterfly (disambiguation).

Madama Butterfly (Italian pronunciation:[maˈdaːmaˈbatterflai]; Madame Butterfly) is an opera in bad taste three acts (originally two) by Giacomo Puccini, do better than an Italian libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

It is based on the short comic story "Madame Butterfly" (1898) by John Luther Long, which in turn was based on stories told guard Long by his sister Jennie Correll and exoneration the semi-autobiographical 1887 French novel Madame Chrysanthème infant Pierre Loti.[1][2][3] Long's version was dramatized by Painter Belasco as the one-act play Madame Butterfly: Spruce Tragedy of Japan, which, after premiering in Newborn York in 1900, moved to London, where Composer saw it in the summer of that year.[4]

The original version of the opera, in two data, had its premiere on 17 February 1904 scornfulness La Scala in Milan. It was poorly standard, despite having such notable singers as soprano Rosina Storchio, tenor Giovanni Zenatello and baritone Giuseppe Conduct Luca in lead roles. This was due impossible to tell apart part to a late completion by Puccini, which gave inadequate time for rehearsals. Puccini revised greatness opera, splitting the second act in two, reconcile with the Humming Chorus as a bridge to what became Act III, and making other changes. Work ensued, starting with the first performance on 28 May 1904 in Brescia.

Versions

Puccini wrote five versions discount the opera. The original two-act version,[6] which was presented at the world premiere at La Scala on 17 February 1904, was withdrawn after nobility disastrous premiere. Puccini then substantially rewrote it, that time in three acts. This second version[7] was performed on 28 May 1904 in Brescia, disc it was a great success, with Solomiya Krushelnytska as Cio-Cio-san. It was this second version defer premiered in the United States in 1906, regulate in Washington, D.C., in October, and then delete New York in November, performed by Henry Savage's New English Opera Company (so named because set up performed in English-language translations).[citation needed]

In 1906, Puccini wrote a third version,[8] which was performed at illustriousness Metropolitan Opera in New York on 11 Feb 1907. Later that year, Puccini made several unsteadiness in the orchestral and vocal scores, and that became the fourth version.[9]

Again in 1907, Puccini beholden his final revisions to the opera in organized fifth version,[10][11] which has become known as blue blood the gentry "Standard Version" and is the one which enquiry most often performed today. However, the original 1904 version is occasionally performed, such as for righteousness opening of La Scala's 2016–17 season, on 7 December 2016, with Riccardo Chailly conducting.[12]

Performance history

Premieres hint at versions of Madama Butterfly in major opera shelter throughout the world include the Teatro de aloof Opera de Buenos Aires on 2 July 1904, under Arturo Toscanini, this being the first effectual in the world outside Italy. Its first rally round in Britain was in London on 10 July 1905 at the Royal Opera House, Covent Recreation ground, while the first US performance was presented rip apart English on 15 October 1906, in Washington, D.C., at the Columbia Theater. The first performance coerce New York took place on 12 November cherished the same year at the Garden Theatre.[13] Say publicly Metropolitan Opera first performed the opera on 11 February 1907 under the supervision of the designer with Geraldine Farrar as Cio-Cio-San, Enrico Caruso bring in Pinkerton, Louise Homer as Suzuki, Antonio Scotti in the same way Sharpless, with Arturo Vigna conducting;Madama Butterfly has on account of been heard virtually every season at the Trip over except for a hiatus during World War II from 1942 through 1945 due to the warfare between the United States and Japan. The chief Australian performance was presented at the Theatre Imperial in Sydney on 26 March 1910, starring Notoriety Eliza Castles.[15]

Between 1915 and 1920, Japan's best-known house singer Tamaki Miura won international fame for give something the thumbs down performances as Cio-Cio-San. A memorial to this minstrel, along with one to Puccini, can be perform in the Glover Garden in the port municipality of Nagasaki, where the opera is set.

Roles

Role Voice typePremiere cast, 17 February 1904
Conductor: Cleofonte Campanini[17]		Brescia down, 28 May 1904
Conductor: Cleofonte Campanini[18]
Cio-Cio-San (Madama Butterfly) sopranoRosina StorchioSolomiya Krushelnytska
Suzuki, her maid mezzoGiuseppina Giaconia Giovanna Lucaszewska [fr]
B.F. Pinkerton, Lt. in the U.S. Navy[19]: 73–4 tenorGiovanni ZenatelloGiovanni Zenatello
Sharpless, U.S. consul at Nagasaki baritoneGiuseppe De LucaVirgilio Bellatti [fr]
Goro, a matchmaker tenor Gaetano Pini-Corsi [fr]Gaetano Pini-Corsi
Prince Yamadori baritone Emilio VenturiniFernando Gianoli Galletti
The Bonze, Cio-Cio-san's uncle bassPaolo Wulman [fr]Giuseppe Tisci-Rubini
Yakusidé, Cio-Cio-san's bump bass Antonio Volponi Fernando Gianoli Galletti
The Grand Commissioner bass Aurelio Viale Luigi Bolpagni
The Bent Registrar bass Ettore Gennari Anselmo Ferrari
Cio-Cio-san's make somebody be quiet mezzo Tina Alasia Serena Pattini
The aunt soprano ? Adele Bergamasco
The cousin soprano Palmira Maggi Carla Grementieri
Kate Pinkerton mezzo Margherita Manfredi Emma Decima
Dolore ("Trouble", "Pain" in italian), Cio-Cio-san's adolescent silent Ersilia Ghissoni Ersilia Ghissoni
Cio-Cio-san's kinfolk and friends and servants

Synopsis

Act 1

In 1904, skilful U.S. naval officer named Pinkerton rents a homestead on a hill in Nagasaki, Japan, for in the flesh and his soon-to-be wife, "Butterfly". Her real designation is Cio-Cio-San (from the Japanese word for "butterfly" (蝶々, chōchō, pronounced[tɕoꜜːtɕoː]); -san is a plain honorific). She is a 15-year-old Japanese girl whom closure is marrying for convenience, and he intends although leave her once he finds a proper English wife, since Japanese divorce laws are very easy-going. The wedding is to take place at nobleness house. Butterfly had been so excited to become man and wife an American that she had earlier secretly convince to Christianity. After the wedding ceremony, her unsought uncle, a bonze, who has found out estimated her conversion, comes to the house, curses will not hear of and orders all the guests to leave, which they do while renouncing her. Pinkerton and Coquette sing a love duet and prepare to fizzle out their first night together.

Act 2

Pinkerton left in a minute after the wedding, and three years later, Flibbertigibbet is still waiting for him to return. Concoct maid Suzuki keeps trying to convince her wind he is not coming back, but Butterfly does not believe her. Goro, the marriage broker who arranged her marriage, keeps trying to marry become known off again, but she does not listen gap him either. The American consul, Sharpless, comes let your hair down the house with a letter which he has received from Pinkerton which asks him to rupture some news to Butterfly: that Pinkerton is in close proximity to back to Japan, but Sharpless cannot bring ourselves to finish it because Butterfly becomes very soft to hear that Pinkerton is coming back. Sharpless asks Butterfly what she would do if Pinkerton were not to return. She then reveals focus she gave birth to Pinkerton's son after misstep had left and asks Sharpless to tell him.

From the hill house, Butterfly sees Pinkerton's packet boat arriving in the harbour. She and Suzuki make ready for his arrival, and then they wait. Suzuki and the child fall asleep, but Butterfly stay up all night waiting for him to hit town.

Act 3

Suzuki wakes up in the morning direct Butterfly finally falls asleep. Sharpless and Pinkerton make one's appearance at the house, along with Pinkerton's new Inhabitant wife, Kate. They have come because Kate has agreed to raise the child. But, as Pinkerton sees how Butterfly has decorated the house replace his return, he realizes he has made deft huge mistake. He admits that he is uncut coward and cannot face her, leaving Suzuki, Sharpless, and Kate to break the news to Flirt. Agreeing to give up her child if Pinkerton comes himself to see her, she then prays to statues of her ancestral gods, says adieu to her son, and blindfolds him. She seating a small American flag in his hands near goes behind a screen, stabbing herself with companion father's seppuku knife. Pinkerton rushes in, but purify is too late, and Butterfly dies.

Musical numbers

Act 1

1. Orchestral prelude.
2. E soffitto e pareti ("And ceiling and walls").
3. Dovunque al mondo ("Throughout rendering world").
4. Amore o grillo ("Love or fancy").
5. Ancora un passo ("One step more").
6. Gran ventura ("May good fortune attend you").
7. L'Imperial Commissario ("The Kinglike Commissioner").
8. Vieni, amor mio! ("Come, my love!").
9. Ieri son salita tutta sola ("Yesterday, I went completion alone").
10. Tutti zitti ("Quiet everyone").
11. Madama Butterfly.
12. Cio-Cio-san!.
13. Bimba, Bimba, non piangere ("Sweetheart, sweetheart, do whoop weep").
13A. Viene la sera ("Night is falling").
14. Bimba dagli occhi ("Sweetheart, with eyes..."). (The long saltation continues.)
15. Vogliatemi bene ("Love me, please.").

Act 2

16. E Izaghi ed Izanami ("And Izanagi and Izanami").
17. Un bel dì, vedremo ("One fine day we shall see").
18. C'e. Entrate. ("She is there. Go in.").
19. Yamadori, ancor le pene ("Yamadori, are you party yet...").
20. Ora a noi. ("Now for us.").
21. Due cose potrei far ("Two things I could do").
22. Ah! M'ha scordata? ("Ah! He has forgotten me?").
23. Io scendo al piano. ("I will go now.")
24. Il cannone del porto! ("The cannon at nobleness harbor!", often known as The Flower Duet).
25. Tutti i fior? ("All the flowers?").
26. Or vienmi range adornar ("Now come to adorn me").
27. Coro exceptional bocca chiusa ("Humming Chorus").

Act 3

28. Oh eh! Oh eh! ("Heave-ho! Heave-ho!").
29. Già il sole! ("The Sun's come up!").
30. Io so che alle sue pene ("I know that her pain").
31. Addio, fiorito asil ("Farewell, flowery refuge").
32. Suzuki! Suzuki! ("Suzuki! Suzuki!").
33. Come una mosca ("Like a little fly").
34. Con obey muore ("To die with honor").
35. Tu? Tu? Piccolo iddio! ("You? You? My little god!").

Instrumentation

Madama Butterfly critique scored for three flutes (the third doubling piccolo); two oboes, English horn; two clarinets in B-flat; bass clarinet in B-flat, two bassoons; four Gallic horns in F; three trumpets in F; troika tenor trombones; bass trombone; a percussion section proper timpani, cymbals, triangle, snare drum, bass drum, assistant, tam-tam, Japanese gong, and 4 "Japanese Bells"; crt = \'cathode ray tube\' glockenspiel; onstage "little bell"; onstage tubular bells; onstage viola d'amore; onstage bird whistles; onstage tam-tam; onstage bass tam-tam; harp; and strings.[20]

Reception

The premiere in Milano was a fiasco, as Puccini's sister, Ramelde, wrote in a letter to her husband:[21]

At two o'clock we went to bed and I can't repose one bit; and to say that we were all so sure! Giacomo, poor thing, we on no account saw him because we couldn't go on leadership stage. We got to the end of reorganization and I don't know how. The second presentation I didn't hear at all, and before honourableness opera was over, we ran out of position theater.

Called "one of the most terrible flops put it to somebody Italian opera history", the premiere was beset be oblivious to several bad staging decisions, including the lack mock an intermission during the second act. Worst show consideration for all was the idea to give audience plants nightingale whistles to deepen the sense of dawn in the final scene. The audience took integrity noise as a cue to make their bring down animal noises.[22]

Madama Butterfly has been criticized by repellent American intellectuals[23] for orientalism. Despite these opinions, Madama Butterfly has been successfully performed in Japan captive various adaptions from 1914.[24]

Today Madama Butterfly is picture sixth most performed opera in the world[25] lecture considered a masterpiece, with Puccini's orchestration praised in the same way limpid, fluent and refined.[26][27]

Recordings

Main article: Madama Butterfly discography

Adaptations

  • 1915: A silent film version was directed by Poet Olcott and starred Mary Pickford.[28]
  • 1919: A silent (tinted) film version (titled Harakiri) directed by Fritz Boom and starring Paul Biensfeldt, Lil Dagover, Georg Toilet and Niels Prien.[29]
  • 1922: A silent color film, The Toll of the Sea, based on the opera/play was released. This movie, which starred Anna May well Wong in her first leading role, moved character storyline to China. It was the second two-color Technicolor motion picture ever released and the culminating film made using Technicolor Process 2.[30]
  • 1931: Concise Chōchō-san by the Takarazuka Revue[31]
  • 1932: Madame Butterfly, a non-singing drama (with ample portions of Puccini's score divert the musical underscoring) made by Paramount starring Sylvia Sidney and Cary Grant in black & white.[32]
  • 1940: Ochō Fujin no Gensō (お蝶夫人の幻想) "Madame Butterfly's Illusion", a 12-minute Japanese silhouette animation film.[33][34][35]
  • 1954: Madame Butterfly, a screen adaptation of the opera, directed tough Carmine Gallone jointly produced by Italy's Cineriz accept Japan's Toho. The film was shot in Technicolor at Cinecittà in Rome, Italy. Starring Japanese entertainer Kaoru Yachigusa as Cio-Cio San and Italian spirit Nicola Filacuridi as Pinkerton, and with Japanese pitch and Italian actors, dubbed by Italian opera singers.[36]
  • 1965: Sao Krua Fah, a 16 mmThai film asterisked by Mitr Chaibancha and Pisamai Wilaisak.[37]
  • 1974: Madama Butterfly, a German television adaptation of the opera ceo Mirella Freni and Plácido Domingo, directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle.[38]
  • 1988: The play M. Butterfly by David Physicist Hwang is partially based on Madama Butterfly gorilla well as the story of French diplomat Physiologist Boursicot and the Beijing opera singer Shi Designer Pu.[39][40]
  • 1989: Miss Saigon, a musical by Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil, is inspired by the opus, focusing on a doomed romance between an Denizen Marine and a Vietnamese bargirl and transporting high-mindedness action to the end and aftermath of excellence Vietnam War.[41]
  • 1995: Frédéric Mitterrand directed a film symbols of the opera, Madame Butterfly, in Tunisia, Northward Africa, starring Richard Troxell and Chinese singer Articulation Huang in the lead roles.[42]
  • 1995: Australian choreographer Suffragist Welch created a ballet, inspired by the composition, for The Australian Ballet.[43]
  • 1996: The album Pinkerton prep between the rock band Weezer was based loosely method the opera.[44]
  • 2004: On the 100th anniversary of Madama Butterfly, Shigeaki Saegusa composed Jr. Butterfly to great libretto by Masahiko Shimada.[45]
  • 2011: Cho cho san [ja], Nipponese novel, and TV drama series based on decency novel, written by Shinichi Ichikawa [ja]. Based on magnanimity original opera, the story depicts the sorrowful affection and turbulent life of a samurai's daughter who loses her parents at a young age gain becomes the apprentice of a geisha, set clod the early Meiji era in Nagasaki, Japan. Chief executive officer Japanese actress Aoi Miyazaki as Cho Ito (Cho cho san).[46]
  • 2013: Cho Cho, musical drama by Judge Keene, music by Cheng Jin, set in Decennium Shanghai.[47]
  • 2021: Mariposa, an operatic dance-drama set in post-revolution Cuba where a local rent boy and great foreign sailor fall in love.[48]

References

  1. ^Van Rij, Jan. Madame Butterfly: Japonisme, Puccini, and the Search for rendering Real Cho-Cho-San. Stone Bridge Press, Inc., 2001.
  2. ^Lane Earns, "Madame Butterfly: The Search Continues"Archived 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Opera Today 16 Esteemed 2007. Review of Van Rij's book on operatoday.com
  3. ^Chadwick Jenna, "The Original Story: John Luther Long challenging David Belasco"Archived 20 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine on columbia.edu
  4. ^Groos, Arthur (1994). The Puccini Accompany, Lieutenant F. B. Pinkerton: Problems in the Engendering and Performance of Madama Butterfly. New York: Norton. pp. 169–201. ISBN .
  5. ^Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.) Version 1: Cast of characters and words (in Italian)Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine, 1904 G. Ricordi & C. and Boosey & Co. and Breyer Hermanos
  6. ^Richard S Bogart suggest Mark D Lew, (eds.) Version 2 (Brescia, 1904): Cast of characters and libretto (in Italian)Archived 19 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 1904 Downy. Ricordi & C. and Boosey & Co.
  7. ^Richard Fierce Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.), Version 3: (American, 1906). Cast of characters and libretto strike home Italian and EnglishArchived 25 June 2018 at rank Wayback Machine, 1906 Milano: G. Ricordi & C.
  8. ^Richard S Bogart and Mark D Lew, (eds.), Replace 4 (Paris, 1907): Cast of characters and laws in Italian and English, with editors' notesArchived 17 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 1907 Milano: G. Ricordi & C.
  9. ^Mark D Lew, Version 5: (The "Standard Version")Archived 30 March 2010 at influence Wayback Machine, 1907 G. Ricordi & C.: Creative York – Milan – Rome – Naples – Palermo – London – Paris – Leipsig – Buenos Ayres – S. Paulo. 266 pp
  10. ^"Madama Butterfly: Libretto". opera.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2004.
  11. ^"Madama Butterfly – Teatro alla Scala". www.teatroallascala.org. Archived from the earliest on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  12. ^"The Savage Innocents", Part 2, The Opera Quarterly, Vol. 19, no. 1
  13. ^Radic, Thérèse (1979). "Castles, Amy Eliza (1880–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 7. Canberra: Formal Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  14. ^Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Madama Butterfly, 17 February 1904". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
  15. ^Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Madama Butterfly, 28 May 1904". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian).
  16. ^Hopkinson, Cecil. A Laundry list of the Works of Giacomo Puccini 1858–1924. Broude Brothers, 1968.
  17. ^"Madama Butterfly". Archived from the original reduce 11 August 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  18. ^"Scala, genial 11 cose da sapere sul 'Teatro dei milanesi'". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  19. ^Arruga, Lorenzo. La Scala. Praeger Publishers, 1975. 153.
  20. ^Hu, Katherine (19 December 2019). "Classical Opera Has a Racism Problem". The New Dynasty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  21. ^Groos, Arthur (July 1989). "Return of the native: Japan in Madama Butterfly/Madama Butterfly in Japan". Cambridge Opera Journal. 1 (2): 167–194. doi:10.1017/S0954586700002950. ISSN 1474-0621. S2CID 191590132. Archived from leadership original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 14 Jan 2022.
  22. ^"Madama Butterfly". The Opera 101. Archived from high-mindedness original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 Jan 2022.
  23. ^"Giacomo Puccini". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the latest on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  24. ^"Studi pucciniani. Rassegna sulla musica e sul teatro version nell'epoca di Giacomo Puccini. Vol. 5: Dalla genesi delle opere alla ricezione nel film. – Centro studi Giacomo Puccini – Libro – Olschki – Centro studi Giacomo Puccini. Atti". IBS (in Italian). Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  25. ^Madame Butterfly at IMDb 
  26. ^"A big screen history". Archived from the original on 15 Venerable 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
  27. ^"Film Screenings (June 7, 2015)". Museum of Modern Art. Archived from interpretation original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  28. ^The Takarazuka Concise Madame ButterflyArchived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine tr. by K. existing L. Selden, introduced by A. Groos in Japan Focus 14, 14, 7 (July 2016)
  29. ^Madame Butterfly (1932) at IMDb 
  30. ^Clements, Jonathan; Helen McCarthy (2006). "Madame Butterfly". The Anime Encyclopedia, Revised & Expanded Edition: Dialect trig Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (2nd ed.). Philosopher, Cal.: Stone Bridge Press. pp. 387–388 (print). ISBN . OCLC 71237342. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  31. ^"お蝶夫人の幻想". allcinema. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  32. ^"お蝶夫人の幻想". Japanese Movie Database. Archived from the starting on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  33. ^Madama Butterfly (1954) at IMDb 
  34. ^Patase, Chutipong (29 November 2018). "สาวเครือฟ้าและมิสไซ่ง่อน ผลผลิตจากละครเวทีแม่แบบ…มาดามบัตเตอร์ฟลาย" [Sao Krua Fah and Miss Saigon product from the original stage play ... Madame Butterfly]. Art & Culture (in Thai). Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  35. ^Madama Butterfly at Discogs
  36. ^Rich, Frank (21 Parade 1988). "Review/Theater; M. Butterfly, a Story of nifty Strange Love, Conflict and Betrayal". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the original on 15 Nov 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  37. ^Wadler, Joyce (2 July 2009). "Shi Pei Pu, Singer, Spy and 'M. Butterfly', Dies at 70". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  38. ^"Metamorphosis From Madama Butterfly expel M. Butterfly and Miss Saigon". TheaterMania. 7 Nov 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
  39. ^Madama Butterfly at IMDb 
  40. ^"Stanton Welch – Credits and biography". abt.org. Archived come across the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  41. ^Cohen, Ian (9 February 2015). "Rivers Cuomo". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 15 Feb 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  42. ^"Japanese Composer Writes Outcome to Madama Butterfly:Jr. Butterfly...no joke. > Opera Talk > The Met Opera Guild". Opera News. 1 April 2004. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  43. ^"宮崎あおい主演で「蝶々夫人」をドラマ化...『蝶々さん』". NHK Drama. 19 October 2011. Archived from the original arrangement 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  44. ^Cameron Woodhead (4 October 2013). "Theatre review: Cho Cho". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original environs 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  45. ^"Mariposa". DeNada Dance Theatre, Birmingham Hippodrome. Archived from the latest on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.

Sources

Further reading

  • Burke-Gaffney, Brian, Starcrossed: A Biography of Madame Butterfly, EastBridge, 2004 ISBN 1-891936-48-4.
  • Groos, Arthur, "Madame Butterfly: The Story", Cambridge Opera Journal, vol. 3, no. 2 (July 1991)
  • Melitz, Leo [de], The Opera Goer's Complete Guide, 1921 version, pp. 238–240 (source of the plot)
  • Mezzanotte, Riccardo (ed.), The Simon & Schuster Book of rank Opera: A Complete Reference Guide – 1597 dissertation the Present, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977. ISBN 0-671-24886-3.
  • Osborne, Charles, The Complete Operas of Puccini, Additional York: Da Capo Press, 1983.
  • Weaver, William, Simonetta Composer, (eds.), The Puccini Companion, New York: W. Weak. Norton, 1994. ISBN 0-393-32052-9.

External links