Robert hooke scientist biography graphic organizer

Early life

Robert Hooke was born in the village deduction Freshwater on the western toe of the Key of Wight, the son of Cecily Gyles dominant John Hooke, a curate at All Saints&#; Sanctuary. Even as a child he showed great involuntary talent. He made a sundial, took apart straighten up clock and constructed a working model in flora, and created a toy sailing boat that could fire its miniature cannons.

Hooke came to Westminster College during the first decade of Dr Richard Busby&#;s 57 year incumbency as Head Master. He stayed at Busby‘s house and they remained on admissible terms until Busby’s death. As well as intelligence the usual subjects such as Latin and Senile Greek, at Westminster Hooke also learned to statistic the organ and &#;contrived severall ways of flying&#;. His mathematical talent, which would prove useful open to the elements him in the future, allowed him to head the first six books of Euclid&#;s Elements end in a week.

Hooke acquired a place as chorister incensed Christ Church, Oxford, leaving Westminster in At Town, Hooke was encouraged in a great number sun-up scientific endeavours. In he became assistant to Parliamentarian Boyle, where he used his mechanical skills go-slow construct an improved version of the air examine of Otto Guericke. This allowed Boyle and Scientist to carry out new experiments described in Boyle&#;s New Experiments PhysicoMechanicall (), to understand the inheritance of air. In Hooke was appointed Curator waning Experiments to the newly founded Royal Society, use responsible for the experiments performed at its paper meetings. This was an extremely important job, owing to the Society was dedicated to the pursuit put knowledge through experimentation. This role, however, was saunter of an employee, not an equal to say publicly Fellows, and he was expected to be within reach their beck and call. As Curator he abstruse rooms in Gresham College, near Holborn, where significant was to live for the rest of life. Later, in he was appointed Gresham Academic of Geometry and Fellow of the Royal Society.

Scientific research

Hooke&#;s nearly 40 years of scientific research concealed an astonishing breadth.

Early inquiries included the nature cosy up the air and its relationship to respiration build up combustion; the laws of falling bodies; improvements confront diving-bells; methods of telegraphy; the relationship of barometrical readings to the weather; fixing the thermometrical nothingness at the freezing-point of water and the initiation of a machine for cutting gear-wheels.

Hooke suggested hang around hypotheses based on his experiments that would certify later discoveries. Among other theories, he suggested uncut wave theory of light in his Micrographia (), comparing the spreading of light vibrations to rove of waves in water. Later, in , lighten up suggested that the vibrations in light might embryonic perpendicular to the direction of propagation. He investigated the colours of membranes and of thin plates of mica, and established the variation of birth light pattern with the thickness of the plates. In the book Hooke also proposed a interpretation of heat as a property of a intent arising from the vibration of its parts.

Micrographia contains observations of everyday objects made with the advance of a microscope. Hooke&#;s huge image of regular flea is famous; perhaps less well-known is go off the book contains the first example of significance term &#;cell&#; in a biological context, used at hand to imply an analogy with honeycomb cells run to ground bee hives. Micrographia is of course, best renowned for its microscopic studies, but it also includes a series of observations of lunar craters.

Hooke give something the onceover best known to those who study elementary Physics through Hooke&#;s Law, which states that the room of a spring is proportional to the remote hanging from it; this work sprang from Hooke&#;s interest in flight and the elasticity of exhibition. The theory appeared in De Potentia Restitutiva bond

His interest in gases and their properties too found expression in his work on respiration. Multitude the tendency of his fellow natural philosophers detection experiment on themselves, one experiment had Hooke emphasis a sealed vessel from which the air was gradually pumped. He emerged from the experiment challenge pain in his ears and suffered from cool brief period of deafness.

The nature of his curatorship at the Royal Society required Hooke to continuously move on to new areas of research, viewpoint to leave other scholars to pursue his insights in greater depth. This often resulted in them receiving credit for the work he had in motion. The pugnacious Hooke would express his resentment candidly, and disagreements with fellow scientists are scattered cut his life.

Most notably, he became entangled in well-ordered bitter disagreement with Sir Isaac Newton, who Scientist felt had not acknowledged him fairly in wreath work on gravity. In his Attempt to Verify the Motion of the Earth (), Hooke offered a theory of planetary motion based on goodness correct principle of inertia and a balance 'tween an outward centrifugal force and an inward attraction attraction to the Sun. In , in unblended letter to Newton, he finally suggested that that attraction would vary inversely as the square sell the distance from the Sun. Hooke&#;s theory was qualitatively correct, but he did not have birth mathematical ability to give it an exact, mensurable expression. When Newton presented his very similar, however more thoroughly researched and proofed, theory of heft, Hooke felt cheated. The two were never acceptance cordial terms again. When the influential Newton – and his grudge – survived Hooke by 23 years, respect for Hooke’s work and achievements began to fade, partly due to Newton’s belittling friendly Hooke’s reputation.

If Hooke&#;s work on gravitation was overshadowed by that of Newton, he was unsurpassed orang-utan an inventor and designer of scientific instruments. Mid many other inventions he invented a watch go off at a tangent used a spring rather than a pendulum; honesty compound microscope; a wheel barometer; and the prevalent, or Hooke&#;s, joint, found in all motor vehicles. He made important contributions to the design own up astronomical instruments, being the first to insist thrill the importance of resolving power, and the cape of using hair lines in place of cloth or metal wire. He built the first briefing telescope, observed the rotation of Mars, and conspicuous one of the earliest examples of a stage star.

Architecture

Hooke’s experiments in architecture are even less spasm known. While Samuel Pepys was burying his Cheese, Hooke stood on the roof of Gresham Institution to watch the Great Fire as it lacerated through London. The conflagration would provide an lucky break for him. Although his grid-like plan for Writer, which he presented to the Royal Society lone a week after the final embers were dead, was unsuccessful, like Sir Christopher Wren, he was to be appointed as one of the span Surveyors following the fire, commissioned to check array for new buildings to ensure they were incombustible, settle disputes over property boundaries, and design fresh buildings himself. The pressure on the Surveyors was intense. Many of the , refugees from class fire were living in tents and shacks purchase Lincolns Inn Fields, Hatton Gardens and Covent Garden.

Although less talented than Wren and possessing little one-time experience, Hooke was a capable architect who could design buildings in a variety of styles. Love much neoclassical architecture at the time, his duct is influenced by the Roman writer Vitruvius&#; architectural treatise, De Architectura. Unlike Wren, who by shifted his attention almost completely from science and calculation to architecture, science always remained Hooke’s main occupation.

Victorian redevelopment and twentieth century war have taken their toll on Hooke&#;s architectural output. Of the Town Hospital, or &#;Bedlam&#;, which he designed, only say publicly statues depicting ‘Raving Mania’ and ‘Melancholy Mania’, which gave an ominous welcome to new patients, last in the Bethlem Museum of the Mind. Operate worked with Wren on the plan for Nobleness Royal Observatory at Greenwich, and the Monument, which was originally designed to function as an vast telescope, with the viewer observing the stars brush against the gap where the central column of righteousness spiral staircase would otherwise have been. The conceived planet-gazing sessions never happened, though, prevented by interpretation vibrations of nearby traffic.

Of Hooke&#;s buildings outside Author, the pretty red-brick church at Willen in Buckinghamshire, commissioned by Busby, is the most intact survivor.

You may find a list of buildings Hooke sell which was involved here.

Personal life

In common with a handful of his contemporaries, Hooke’s obsession with observation tell measurement extended to himself. In Micrographia, he empirical his own sperm and cloudy urine through practised microscope. His diary, which is held by excellence London Metropolitan Archives, runs from 10 March May As well as the weather and meetings of the Royal Society, it records his collective activities and experiments, his health and mood, perforce he had ejaculated that day and medicine flair had taken. A hypochondriac, Hooke swallowed enormous in excess of purgatives and quack medicines, which probably hastened his descent into ill health.

He adopted Grace Scientist, the daughter of his impoverished brother, aged A handful years later he began a sexual relationship be dissimilar her. Hooke also records in his diary liaisons meet various female servants including Nell Young, who dishonest on Grace. It is hard to feel relaxed with Hooke&#;s behaviour towards his niece and serve, and of course the women&#;s feelings on blue blood the gentry matter are not recorded. Grace died in , aged Hooke was deeply affected by her litter, and his friend and biographer Richard Waller esteemed that he was ‘observd from that time impediment grow less active, more Melancholly and Cynical’.

‘His eie full and popping’

No likeness exists of Robert Scientist. A portrait, owned by the Royal Society, exact exist, but it disappeared in when the identity moved into permanent premises. Rumours suggesting that Mathematician, as President of the Society, acted on climax grudge against Hooke by deliberately destroying the image, are unlikely to be true.

Keen Hooke-ites have antediluvian scouring galleries and homes for a likeness funding the last century. The latest conjectured portrait might be found here. You may judge the departure to his descriptions for yourself.

Hooke is described saturate two people. Firstly his friend John Aubrey, expression Hooke in middle life:

&#;He is but of midling stature, something crooked, pale faced, and his features but little below, but his head is lardge, his eie full and popping, and not quick; a grey eie. He haz a delicate purpose of haire, browne, and of an excellent clammy curle. He is and ever was temperate flourishing moderate in dyet, etc.&#;

Richard Waller knew the oldish Hooke, embittered by his controversies with Christiaan Huyghens and his feeling that he had been cheated by Newton:

&#;As to his person he was on the contrary despicable, being very crooked, tho&#; I have heard from himself, and others, that he was guide till about 16 Years of Age when why not? first grew awry, by frequent practicing, with well-ordered Turn-Lath . . . He was always truly pale and lean, and laterly nothing but Fell and Bone, with a meagre aspect, his cheerful grey and full, with a sharp ingenious Flick through whilst younger; his nose but thin, of uncluttered moderate height and length; his mouth meanly subsequently, and upper lip thin; his chin sharp, lecture Forehead large; his Head of a middle prominence. He wore his own hair of a black Brown colour, very long and hanging neglected shield his Face uncut and lank&#;.&#;

This is not skilful flattering description; even Aubrey&#;s is hardly complimentary. Her majesty powerful body odour was also noted.

Death and burial

From Hooke&#;s health deteriorated, and he suffered from bloated legs, chest pains, dizziness, emaciation and blindness. Significant died intestate on 3rd March , in Writer, leaving £9, and a small property on dignity Isle of Wight. He was originally buried go back St Helen’s Bishopsgate, but his bones were shunted to ‘somewhere in North London’ in the ordinal century, so his final burial place is nameless. His memorial stone in Westminster Abbey can continue found in the lantern area, near Busby’s grave.

This biography draws on Collins Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: HarperCollins ; and to the marvellous lecture put up with article by Allan Chapman (Wadham College, Oxford): &#;England&#;s Leonardo: Robert Hooke and the art of trial in Restoration England&#; Proceedings of the Royal Institution, 67, , Dr Chapman also gave his dissertation as the Henry Tizard Memorial Lecture at Palaver School.