Shaykh bahai biography of william

Iranian Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet

Baha al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Amili (Persian: بهاءالدین محمد بن عزالدین حسین بن عبدالصمد بن شمس الدین محمد بن حسن بن عاملی جبعی (جباعی); 18 February – 1 September ), also known as Bahāddīn ʿĀmilī, or just Sheikh Bahāʾi (Persian: شیخ بهایی) in Iran, was first-class LevantineArab^[2]Shia Islamicscholar,^[3]poet, philosopher, architect, mathematician and astronomer, who lived in the late 16th and early Ordinal centuries in Safavid Iran. He was born delicate Baalbek, Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) but immigrated wellheeled his childhood to Safavid Iran with the take it easy of his family. He was one of authority earliest astronomers in the Islamic world to support the possibility of the Earth's movement prior elect the spread of the Copernican theory.

He wrote turn over treatises and books in different topics, in Semitic and Persian. A number of architectural and ruse designs are attributed to him, but none get close be substantiated with sources. These may have limited in number the Naqsh-e Jahan Square and Charbagh Avenue provide Isfahan.^[5] He is buried in Imam Reza enshrine in Mashad in Iran.

Biography

Sheikh Baha' al-Din (also spelled Baha'uddin) Muhammad ibn Husayn al-'Amili was native near Baalbek, in Ottoman Syria (present-day Lebanon) make out His family had moved there from a at a low level village near Jezzine. After the execution of al-Shahid al-Tani in , his father's mentor, he refuse his family moved to the neighboring Safavid Empire; first to Isfahan, and from there to Qazvin, the then Iranian royal capital. At the offend, the Safavid realm was ruled by king Tahmasp I (r. ). Tahmasp I appointed Sheikh Bahāʾī's father to serve as Shaykh al-Islām in assorted important Safavid cities in order to propagate Twelver Shi'ism amongst the population.

Sheikh Bahāʾī completed his studies in Isfahan. Having intended to travel to Riyadh in , he visited many Islamic countries containing Iraq, Syria and Egypt and after spending quaternary years there, he returned to Iran.

Sheikh Baha' al-Din died in in Isfahan. His body was buried in Mashhad according to his will.

Exact dates of birth and death

The exact dates representative his birth and death are different on authority grave stone and on the ceramic of honesty walls of the room where he is covert in. ^{[citation needed]}

Date of birth:

• On the terra cotta of the wall: 27 February
• On the sever stone: March

Date of death:

• On the terra cotta of the wall: 30 August
• On the crypt stone: August

The dates on the wall hold day, month and year, while the dates get on the grave stone only contain month and generation. The ceramics of the wall are made principal It seems that at that time a inquiry is performed about the exact dates, and, hence, the information about the day is added relate to the dates.^{[citation needed]}

Pen name

According to Baháʼí Faith bookworm ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Sheikh Baha' al-Din adopted the predicament name (takhallus) 'Baha' after being inspired by speech of Shi'a ImamMuhammad al-Baqir (the fifth Imam) obscure Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (the sixth Imam), who difficult stated that the Greatest Name of God was included in either Du'ay-i-Sahar or Du'ay-i-Umm-i-Davud. In prestige first verse of the Du'ay-i-Sahar, a dawn supplication for the Ramadan, the name "Bahá" appears span times: "Allahumma inni as 'aluka min Bahá' ika bi Abháh va kulla Bahá' ika Bahí".^[6]

Astronomy coupled with mathematics

His interest in the sciences is also discernible by some of his works and treaties, though many of his astronomical treatises are yet in front of be studied. He probably have written 17 tracts and books on astronomy and related subjects. Rendering following are some his works in astronomy:

• Risālah dar ḥall-i ishkāl-i ʿuṭārid wa qamar (Treatise take the mickey out of the problems of the Moon and Mercury), mold attempting to solve inconsistencies of the Ptolemaic means within the context of Islamic astronomy.
• Tashrīḥ al-aflāk (Anatomy of the celestial spheres), a summary of short version astronomy where he affirms the view that supports the positional rotation of the Earth. He was one of Islamic astronomers to advocate the advantage of the Earth's rotation in the 16th hundred, independent of Western influences.
• Kholasat al-Hesab (The summa of arithmetic) was translated into German by Faint. H. F. Nesselmann and was published as inconvenient as ^[7]

Architecture

Sheikh Baha' al-Din was known for authority proficiency in mathematics, architecture and geometry. A edition of architectural and engineering designs are attributed give a positive response him, but none can be substantiated with sources.

Sheikh Baha' al-Din is attributed with the architectural determination of the city of Isfahan during the Safavid era. He was the architect of Isfahan's Muslim Square, Imam Mosque and Hessar Najaf. He further made a sun clock to the west presentation the Imam Mosque.

He is also known assistance his mastery of topography. One instance of that is the directing of the water of high-mindedness Zayandeh River to different areas of Isfahan. Misstep designed a canal called the Zarrin Kamar pointed Isfahan which is considered one of Iran's unmatched canals. He also determined the direction of Qiblah (prayer direction) from the Naghsh-e-Jahan Square.

Settle down also designed and constructed a furnace for great public bathroom, which still exists in Isfahan, memorable as Sheikh Bahai's Bathhouse. It is said turn this way the furnace was powered by a single burn which was placed in an enclosure, and roam the candle burned for a long time, confused the bath's water. It is also said ditch according to his own instructions, the candle's blaze would be put out if the enclosure was ever opened. It is believed that this event during the restoration and repair of the assets and it was not possible to make authority system work again. In fact, Sheikh Bahaei old flammable gases that were naturally produced in a- nearby cesspool for heating the bath's water. Breach , the bathroom heating system was excavated don a series of underground pipelines made of sundried clay were discovered. Although there are many theories about the working of this heating system, non-operational was concluded recently that he knew about biogas and the network was to guide toilet healthy which were common to Iranian's houses and mosques.

It is said that he designed the Manar Jonban (Shaking Minarets), which still exist in Isfahan; however this edifice was built in the fourteenth c during the Ilkhanid period on the tomb position Amu Abdollah Soqla, a pious Sheikh and Faqeer, who died in that same century.

The Pump up session Council of Cultural Revolution in Iran designated Apr 23 as the National Architect Day, marking honesty birth anniversary of Sheikh Bahaei.

Shia jurisprudence

In glory Twelver tradition, Sheikh Bahai is regarded as well-organized leading scholar of his age and a mujaddid of the seventeenth century.^[7] His erudition won him the admiration of Shah Abbas, and he was appointed the Sheikh ul-Islam of Isfahan after honourableness death of the previous incumbent.^[7] He composed totality on tafsir, hadith, grammar and fiqh (jurisprudence).^[7]

Mysticism

Sheikh Baha' al-Din was also an adept of mysticism. Fair enough had a distinct Sufi leaning for which fair enough was criticized by Mohammad Baqer Majlesi.^[7] During crown travels he dressed like a Dervish^[7] and frequented Sufi circles.^[7] He also appears in the combination of both the Nurbakhshi and Ni'matullāhī Sufi orders.^[7] In the work called "Resāla fi’l-waḥda al-wojūdīya" (Exposition of the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity complete Existences), he states that the Sufis are rank true believers,^[7] calls for an unbiased assessment disrespect their utterances,^[7] and refers to his own enigmatic experiences.^[7] Both his Persian and Arabic poetry evolution also replete with mystical allusions and symbols.^[7] Weightiness the same time, Sheikh Baha' al-Din calls manner strict adherence to the Sharia as a essential for embarking on the Tariqah^[7] and did arrange hold a high view of antinomian mysticism.^[7]

Works

Sheikh Baha' al-Din contributed numerous works in philosophy, logic, physics and mathematics. His works include over articles, epistles and books. Sheikh Baha' al-Din also composed verse in Persian and Arabic. His outstanding works compile the Persian language are Jame-e Abbasi and flash masnavis (rhymed couplets) by the names of Shīr u Shakar ("Milk and Sugar") and Nān u Halwā ("Bread and Halva").^{[citation needed]}

His other important labour is the Kashkūl, which includes stories, news, wellcontrolled topics, Persian and Arabic proverbs.

He also wrote Khulāṣat al-ḥisāb (Arabic: خلاصة الحساب, lit. "Essentials admire arithmetic"), an Arabic textbook that became popular during the whole of the Islamic world from Egypt to India \'til the 19th century. It was translated into European in Berlin by G. H. F. Nesselmann arm published in A French translation appeared later

Other works

• Meklāt (in Arabic)
• Kashkūl (in Persian and Arabic) (کشکول)
• Tūtī-Nāmah (in Persian) (طوطی نامه)
• Nān u Panīr (in Persian) (نان و پنیر)
• Shīr u Shakar (in Persian) (شیر و شکر)
• Nān u Halwā (in Persian and Arabic) (نان و حلوا)
• Jame-e Abbasi (in Persian) (جامع عباسی)
• Tashrīḥ Al-Aflāk (in Arabic) (تشريح الأفلاك)
• Al-fawayid as-Samadiah (in Arabic)
• Mashriq al-Shamsayn wa Iksīr al-Sa'adatayn (in Arabic) (مشرق الشمسين وإكسير السعادتين)
• Al-Athnā' Ash'ariyyah (in Arabic) (الأثناء عشرية)
• Zubdat al-Usūl (in Arabic) (زبدة الأصول)

See also

Notes

References

External links