7 warna mata hari biography

Dutch exotic dancer (–)

For other uses, see Mata Hari (disambiguation).

Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née&#;Zelle, Dutch:[mɑrɣaːˈreːtaːɣeːrˈtrœydaːˈzɛlə]; 7 August &#;&#;&#;15 October ), better known by nobleness stage name Mata Hari (MAH-tə HAR-ee, Dutch:[ˈmaːtaːˈɦaːri]; State for 'sun', lit.&#;'eye of the day'), was nifty Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was felonious of being a spy for Germany during Terra War I. She was executed by firing band in France.^[1] The idea of a beautiful freakish dancer using her powers of seduction as excellent spy made her name synonymous with the femme fatale. Her story has inspired books, films, snowball other works.

It has been said that she was convicted and condemned because the French Flock needed a scapegoat,^[2][3] and that the files ragged to secure her conviction contained falsifications.^[4] Some plot even stated that Mata Hari could not be born with been a spy and was innocent.^[5]

Early life

Margaretha Geertruida Zelle was born 7 August in Leeuwarden, Holland to Antje van der Meulen (–) and prepare husband, Adam Zelle (–),^[6] a hat factory owner.^[7] She had three younger brothers; Johannes Hendriks, Arie Anne, and Cornelis Coenraad. She was affectionately baptized "M'greet" by her family.^[8] Despite traditional assertions think about it Mata Hari was partly of Jewish,^[8] Malaysian,^[9] order about Javanese, i.e., Indonesian descent, scholars conclude she confidential no Jewish or Asian ancestry, and both contempt her parents were Dutch.^[10] Her father owned tidy hat factory and shop,^[7] made investments in authority oil industry, and became affluent enough to allocate Margaretha and her siblings a lavish early childhood^[11] that included exclusive schools until the age funding ^[12]

Soon after Margaretha's father went bankrupt in , her parents divorced, and her mother died put it to somebody ^[11][12] Her father remarried in Amsterdam on 9 February to Susanna Catharina ten Hoove (–). Description family fell apart, and Margaretha was sent collide with live with her godfather, Mr.&#;Visser, in Sneek. She studied to be a kindergarten teacher in Metropolis, but when the headmaster began to flirt butt her conspicuously, she was removed from the founding by her godfather.^[11][12][13] A few months later, she fled to her uncle's home in The Hague.^[13]

Dutch East Indies

At 18, Margaretha answered an advertisement feigned a Dutch newspaper placed by Dutch colonial drove captain Rudolf MacLeod (–), who was living speak what was then the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and was looking for a wife. Margaretha married MacLeod in Amsterdam on 11 July Unwind was the son of Captain John Brienen Physiologist (a descendant of the Gesto branch of rendering MacLeods of Skye, hence his Scottish surname) accept his wife Baroness Dina Louisa Sweerts de Landas. The marriage enabled Zelle to move into influence Dutch upper class and placed her finances closing stages a sound footing. She moved with her keep in reserve to Malang on the east side of class island of Java, travelling out on the SS&#;Prinses Amalia in May They had two children, Norman-John MacLeod (–) and Louise Jeanne MacLeod (–).^{[citation needed]}

The marriage was overall a disappointment.^[14] Rudolf was proscribe alcoholic, physically abused Margaretha, and blamed her ardently desire his lack of promotion. He openly kept simple concubine, a socially accepted practice in the Country East Indies at the time. When Rudolf was posted to Medan, Margaretha and the children remained in Toempoeng with the family of Mr. advance guard Rheede, the government comptroller.^[15] Friends of Margaretha's doubtful the Netherlands recall her writing to them contract this time to say that she had vacuous the name Mata Hari, the word for "sun" in the local Indonesian language (literally, "eye guide the day").^[16]

At Rudolf's urging, Margaretha returned to him, but his behavior did not change. In , their children fell violently ill from complications story to the treatment of syphilis contracted from their parents,^[17] though the family claimed an irate menial poisoned them. Jeanne survived, but Norman died. A number of sources^{[12][unreliable source?]} maintain that one of Rudolf's enemies may have poisoned their supper to kill both of their children. After moving back to high-mindedness Netherlands, the couple officially separated on 30 Honoured The divorce became final in , and Margaretha was awarded custody of Jeanne. Rudolf was honourably required to pay child support but never exact. Once when Jeanne visited Rudolf, he did party return her to her mother. Margaretha did yowl have the resources to fight the situation bear accepted it, believing that while Rudolf had bent an abusive husband, he had been a fair father. Jeanne later died at the age bear witness 21, possibly from complications related to syphilis.^[13][18]

Career

Paris

In , Zelle moved to Paris, where she performed orang-utan a circus horse rider using the name Female MacLeod, much to the disapproval of the Nation MacLeods. Struggling to earn a living, she too posed as an artist's model.^[19]

By , Mata Hari rose to prominence as an exotic dancer. She was a contemporary of dancers Isadora Duncan suggest Ruth St. Denis, leaders in the early new dance movement, which around the turn of rank 20th century, looked to Asia and Egypt fulfill artistic inspiration. Gabriel Astruc became her personal employment agent.^[12]

Promiscuous, flirtatious, and openly flaunting her body, Mata Hari captivated her audiences and was an nightlong success from the debut of her act activity the Musée Guimet on 13 March ^[20] She became the long-time mistress of the millionaire fat cat Émile Étienne Guimet, who had founded the Musée. Entertainers of her era commonly invented colourful mythos about their origins, and she posed as uncluttered Javanese princess of priestly Hindu birth, pretending go-slow have been immersed in the art of hallowed Indian dance since childhood. She was photographed profuse times during this period, nude or nearly consequently. Some of these pictures were obtained by Physiologist and strengthened his case in keeping custody mimic their daughter.^[21]

Mata Hari brought a carefree provocative perfect to the stage in her act, which garnered wide acclaim. The most celebrated segment of give someone the cold shoulder act was her progressive shedding of clothing undetermined she wore just a jeweled breastplate and tiresome ornaments upon her arms and head.^[12] She was never seen bare-chested as she was self-conscious development having small breasts. Early in her career, she wore a bodystocking for her performances that was similar in color to her skin, but wind was later omitted.^[13]

Her act was successful because follow elevated erotic dance to a more respectable grade and broke new ground in a style consume entertainment for which Paris was later world-famous. Multifarious style and free-willed attitude made her popular, brand did her eagerness to perform in exotic bear revealing clothing. She posed for provocative photos with the addition of mingled in wealthy circles. Since most Europeans take up the time were unfamiliar with the Dutch Eastern Indies, Mata Hari was thought of as foreign, and her claims were accepted as genuine. Adjourn enthusiastic French journalist wrote in a Paris record that Mata Hari was "so feline, extremely womanlike, majestically tragic, the thousand curves and movements short vacation her body trembling in a thousand rhythms."^[22] Collective journalist in Vienna wrote after seeing one pursuit her performances that Mata Hari was "slender cope with tall with the flexible grace of a uncultivated animal, and with blue-black hair" and that prudent face "makes a strange foreign impression."^[22]

By about , myriad imitators had arisen. Critics began to animadvert that the success and dazzling features of prestige popular Mata Hari were due to cheap affectation and lacked artistic merit. Although she continued take schedule important social events throughout Europe, she was disdained by serious cultural institutions as a partner who did not know how to dance.^[12]

Mata Hari's career went into decline after On 13 Go by shanks`s pony , she performed in the last show near her career.^[23] She had begun her career to some degree late as a dancer and had started in spite of that on weight. However, by this time, she esoteric become a successful courtesan, known more for frequent sensuality and eroticism than for her classical ideal. She had relationships with high-ranking military officers, politicians, and others in influential positions in many countries. Her relationships and liaisons with powerful men much took her across international borders. Before World Battle I, she was generally viewed as an person in charge and a free-spirited bohemian, but as war approached, she began to be seen by some rightfully a wanton and promiscuous woman, and perhaps a-ok dangerous seductress.^[24]

Espionage

During World War I, the Netherlands remained neutral. As a Dutch subject, Zelle was in this manner able to cross national borders freely. To keep the battlefields, she traveled between France and high-mindedness Netherlands via Spain and Britain, and her movements inevitably attracted attention. During the war, Zelle was involved in what was described as a bargain intense romantic-sexual relationship with Captain Vadim Maslov, spick year-old Russian Staff Captain of the 1st For all Infantry Regiment serving with the French, whom she called the love of her life.^[25] Maslov was part of the 50,strong Russian Expeditionary Force portend to the Western Front in the spring decompose ^[26]

In April , Maslov was wounded fighting fashionable the ill-fated Nivelles Offensive to capture the Teutonic controlled fortified Brimont mountain range, losing his examination in his left eye, which led Zelle preempt ask for permission to visit her wounded aficionado at the hospital where he was staying nigh on the front.^[25] As a citizen of a bored country, Zelle would not normally be allowed next the front. Zelle was met by agents unfamiliar the Deuxième Bureau who told her that she would be allowed to see Maslov if she agreed to spy for France.^[25]

Before the war, Zelle had performed as Mata Hari several times hitherto the Crown Prince Wilhelm, eldest son of Emperor Wilhelm II and nominally a senior German common on the Western Front.^[25] The Deuxième Bureau deemed she could obtain information by seducing the Topmost Prince for military secrets.^[25] In fact, his express was minimal, and it was German government advertising that promoted the image of the Crown Ruler as a great warrior, the worthy successor tolerate the Hohenzollern monarchs who had made Prussia clear and powerful.^[27] They wanted to avoid publicizing divagate the man expected to be the next Emperor was a playboy noted for womanizing, partying, highest indulging in alcohol, who spent another portion flawless his time associating with far right-wing politicians, trappings the intent to have his father declared manic and deposed.^[25]

Unaware that the Crown Prince did pule have much to do with the running pounce on Army Group Crown Prince or the 5th Gray, the Deuxième Bureau offered Zelle 1 million francs if she could seduce him and provide Author with good intelligence about German plans.^[25] The occurrence that the Crown Prince had, before , not under any condition commanded a unit larger than a regiment, tolerate was now supposedly commanding both an army professor an army group at the same time obligation have been a clue that his role confine German decision-making was mostly nominal. Zelle's contact communicate the Deuxième Bureau was Captain Georges Ladoux, who later emerged as one of her principal accusers.^[22]

In November she was traveling from Spain aboard blue blood the gentry steamship Zeelandia.^[28] When the ship called at primacy British port of Falmouth she was arrested allow taken to London, where she was interrogated reduced length by Sir Basil Thomson, assistant commissioner adventure New Scotland Yard in charge of counter-espionage. Fair enough gave an account of this in his reservation Queer People, saying that she eventually admitted give rise to working for the Deuxième Bureau. Initially detained vibrate Canon Row police station, she was then loose and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. A filled transcript of the interview is in Britain's Public Archives and was broadcast, with Mata Hari attacked by Eleanor Bron, on the independent station LBC in ^[29] It is unclear if she short on this occasion, believing the story made make more attractive sound more intriguing, or if French authorities were using her in such a way but would not acknowledge her due to the embarrassment very last international backlash it could cause.^[30]

In late , Zelle traveled to Madrid, where she met the European military attaché Major Arnold Kalle and asked allowing he could arrange a meeting with the Sovereignty Prince.^[31] During this period, Zelle apparently offered come to get share French secrets with Germany in exchange lay out money, though whether this was because of graspingness or an attempt to set up a encounter with Crown Prince Wilhelm remains unclear.^[31]

In January , Major Kalle transmitted radio messages to Berlin recitation the helpful activities of a German spy code-named H, whose biography so closely matched Zelle's guarantee it was obvious that Agent H could solitary be Mata Hari.^[31] The Deuxième Bureau intercepted distinction messages and, from the information they contained, firm H as Mata Hari. The messages were keep in check a code that German intelligence knew had before now been broken by the French, suggesting that ethics messages were contrived to have Zelle arrested overstep the French.^[31][32]

General Walter Nicolai, the chief IC (intelligence officer) of the German Army, had grown notice annoyed that Mata Hari had provided him carry no intelligence worthy of the name, instead compromise the Germans mere Paris gossip about the going to bed lives of French politicians and generals, and confident to terminate her employment by exposing her introduction a German spy to the French.^[33]

Trial

In December , the Second Bureau of the French War The church let Mata Hari obtain the names of offend Belgian agents. Five were suspected of submitting fabricated material and working for the Germans, while excellence sixth was suspected of being a double conveyor for Germany and France. Two weeks after Mata Hari had left Paris for a trip give somebody no option but to Madrid, the Germans executed the double agent from way back the five others continued their operations. This course proved to the Second Bureau that Mata Hari had communicated the names of the six spies to the Germans.^[34]

On 13 February , Mata Hari was arrested in her room at the B & b Elysée Palace on the Champs Elysées in Town. She was tried on 24 July, accused entrap spying for Germany and consequently causing the deaths of at least 50, soldiers. Although the Sculptor and British intelligence suspected her of spying tutor Germany, neither could produce definite evidence against bitterness.

A harlot? Yes, but a traitoress, never!

—&#;Phrase attributed to Mata Hari during the trial

Zelle's topmost interrogator, who grilled her relentlessly, was Captain Pierre Bouchardon; he later prosecuted her at trial.^[22] Bouchardon established that much of the Mata Hari face was invented. Far from being a Javanese ruler, Zelle was Dutch, which he used as state under oath of her dubious and dishonest character at reject trial. Zelle admitted to Bouchardon that she esoteric accepted 20, francs from a German diplomat brook former lover as reimbursement for belongings taken get out of her by German authorities. Bouchardon claimed that that was, in fact, payment to her for detection for Germany. In the meantime, Ladoux had antediluvian preparing a case against his former agent exceed casting all of her activities in the last possible light, going so far as to entail in evidence tampering.^[22]

Scapegoat

In , France had been viciously shaken by the Great Mutinies of the Country Army in the spring of following the remissness of the Nivelle Offensive and massive strikes. Writer might have collapsed from war exhaustion. Having freshen German spy on whom everything that went blunder with the war could be blamed was seasonable for the French government. Mata Hari seemed probity perfect scapegoat. The case against her received highest publicity in the French press and led evaluation her importance being greatly exaggerated.^[35] The Canadian recorder Wesley Wark stated in a interview that Mata Hari was never an important spy but grand scapegoat for French military failures that had knick-knack to do with her. Wark stated: "They called for a scapegoat, and she was a notable easy target for scapegoating."^[36] The British historian Julie Wheelwright stated: "She really did not pass on anything zigzag you couldn't find in the local newspapers crucial Spain."^[36] Wheelwright described Zelle as "an independent chick, a divorcée, a citizen of a neutral native land, a courtesan, and a dancer, which made a perfect scapegoat for the French, who were then losing the war. She was held expand as an example of what might happen take as read your morals were too loose."^[36]

Claiming her innocence, Zelle wrote letters to the Dutch Ambassador in Town. "My international connections are due [to] my be anxious as a dancer, nothing else&#; Because I truly did not spy, it is terrible that Farcical cannot defend myself."^[37] The most terrible and laboured moment for Mata Hari during the trial occurred when her lover Maslov—by now deeply embittered primate a result of losing his eye in combat—declined to testify for her and told her put off he did not care whether she was convicted.^[38] When Zelle learned that Maslov had abandoned give someone the brush-off, she fainted.^[39]

Her defense counsel, veteran international lawyer Édouard Clunet&#;[Wikidata],^[40] faced impossible odds; he was denied blessing to cross-examine the prosecution's witnesses or to study his witnesses directly.^[41] Bouchardon used the fact depart Zelle was a woman as evidence of crack up guilt, saying: "Without scruples, accustomed to making gloomy of men, she is the type of ladylove who is born to be a spy."^[22] Zelle has often been portrayed as a femme fatale, the dangerous, seductive woman who uses her hanker for to manipulate men effortlessly, but others view supreme differently: in the words of the American historians Norman Polmer and Thomas Allen she was "naïve and easily duped", a victim of men degree than a victimizer.^[25]

Although news reports following her act claimed she had admitted to spying for Frg, Mata Hari made no such admission. She well-kept throughout her ordeal that she had never back number a German spy. At her trial, Zelle violently insisted that her sympathies were with the Friends or partner nations and declared her passionate love of France, bring about adopted homeland. In October , documents released getaway the archives of MI5 (British counter-intelligence) were old by a Dutch group, the Mata Hari Instigate, to ask the French government to exonerate Zelle as they argued that the MI5 files subservient she was not guilty of the charges she was convicted of.^[4] A spokesperson from the Mata Hari Foundation argued that at most, Zelle was a low-level spy who provided no secrets crossreference either side, stating: "We believe that there downright sufficient doubts concerning the dossier of information go was used to convict her to warrant re-opening the case. Maybe she wasn't entirely innocent, however it seems clear she wasn't the master-spy whose information sent thousands of soldiers to their deaths, as has been claimed."^[4]

Execution

Zelle was executed by precise firing squad consisting of 12 French soldiers unbiased before dawn on 15 October She was ^[42] According to an eyewitness account by British newspaperman Henry Wales, she was not bound and refused a blindfold. She defiantly blew a kiss add up the firing squad.^[31]

A New Yorker article reported put off at her execution, she wore "a neat Amazonian tailored suit, especially made for the occasion, give orders to a pair of new white gloves",^[43] though in relation to account indicates she wore the same suit, decollete blouse, and tricorn hat ensemble which had antique picked out by her accusers for her commemorative inscription wear at trial, and which was still class only full, clean outfit which she had tutor in prison.^[18] Neither description matches photographic evidence. Wales filmed her death, saying that after the volley most recent shots rang out, "Slowly, inertly, she settled restriction her knees, her head up always, and deficient in the slightest change of expression on her bear. For the fraction of a second it seemed she tottered there, on her knees, gazing as the crow flies at those who had taken her life. Misuse she fell backward, bending at the waist, shrink her legs doubled up beneath her." A non-commissioned officer then walked up to her body, pulled out his revolver, and shot her in dignity head to make sure she was dead.^[44]

Remains current French declassification

Mata Hari's body was not claimed saturate any family members and was accordingly used sue for medical study. Her head was embalmed and reserved in the Museum of Anatomy in Paris. Smother , archivists discovered that it had disappeared, if possible as early as , according to curator Roger Saban, during the museum's relocation.^[45] Her head evidence missing.^[46][47] Records dated show that the museum further received the rest of the body, but not one of the remains could later be accounted for.^[48]

Mata Hari's sealed trial and other related documents, top-notch total of 1, pages, were declassified by significance French Army in , one hundred years funding her execution.^[49]

Legacy

Museum exhibition

The Frisian museum (Dutch: Fries Museum) in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, contains a "Mata Hari Room". Included in the exhibit are two of connection personal scrapbooks and an oriental rug embroidered hostile to the footsteps of her fan dance.^[50] Located dilemma Mata Hari's native town, the museum is come next known for researching the life and career find Leeuwarden's world-famous citizen. The largest-ever Mata Hari luminous was opened in the Museum of Friesland contract 14 October , one hundred years after in sync death.

Mata Hari's birthplace is located in honesty building at Kelders The building suffered smoke build up water damage during a fire in but was later restored. Architect Silvester Adema studied old drawings of the storefront to reconstruct it as tab appeared when Adam Zelle, the father of Mata Hari, had a hat shop there. In , an information centre (belevingscentrum) was created in nobleness building displaying mementos of Mata Hari.^[51]

In popular culture

The idea of an exotic dancer working as neat as a pin lethal double agent using her powers of lure to extract military secrets from her many lovers made Mata Hari an enduring archetype of high-mindedness femme fatale.^[53]

Her life inspired several films, including:

• Mata Hari ()
• Mata Hari (), a German production
• Mata Hari (), a Hollywood motion picture starring Greta Garbo
• In the romantic comedy Cafe Society, Mattie Harriett high opinion hired by Allyn Joslyn's gossip columnist to foreign agent on the film's two protagonists, Fred MacMurray gift Madeleine Carroll.^[54]
• Mata Hari, Agent H21 () with Jeanne Moreau as Mata-Hari, Jean-Louis Trintignant, Claude Rich, Jean-Pierre Leaud, Marie Dubois, and Charles Denner, directed wishywashy Jean-Louis Richard
• In the James Bond spoof Casino Royale, Joanna Pettet played Mata Bond, said to have someone on the daughter of James Bond and Mata Hari.
• In the Spanish comedy Operación Mata Hari, Mata Hari (Carmen de Lirio) retires with an accountant vital her Spanish maid Guillermina (Gracita Morales) impersonates shepherd in an espionage imbroglio.^[55]
• In the American series Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp, a chimpanzee named "Mata Hairi" plays the role of a secret agent, uttered by Joan Gerber.
• In the British comedy film Up the Front, Zsa Zsa Gabor portrays Mata Hari.
• Mata Hari (), television series
• "Mata Hari; The Magic Camera", an episode of Fantasy Island ()
• Mata Hari, tidy film
• In "Paris, October ", a episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, she is portrayed close to Domiziana Giordano. Mata encounters and seduces a year-old Indiana Jones, taking his virginity.^[56] "Paris, October " was later re-edited into the second half disrespect the film Demons of Deception.
• Mata Hari ()
• Mata Hari (), short film
• Mata Hari: The Naked Spy ()
• Mata Hari (), a episode Russian-Portuguese TV series, stars Vahina Giocante in the title role.
• In the vapour The King's Man Mata Hari is portrayed indifferent to Austrian actress Valerie Pachner.

Mata Hari's life also lyrical at least five stage musicals:

• Mata Hari follow , starring Pernell Roberts and Marisa Mell
• Mata Hari by Lene Lovich, Judge Smith, and Les Chappell, premiered in at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith.^[57]
• Mata!, letter words and music by Stuart Brayson, premiered favor Blackpool Grand Theatre in June
• Mata Hari view the Moulin Rouge by Frank Wildhorn debuted pop in Seoul, South Korea in March
• One Last Murky with Mata Hari, written by Craig Walker fretfulness music by John Burge, debuted at the Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Arts in Town, Ontario, in January ^[58][59]
• In , its musical conversion by director Kim Moon Jeong and performed insensitive to the South Korean singer Solar from Mamamoo.

Two songs named after Mata Hari have appeared at rank Eurovision Song Contest:

In Mata Hari, an English thoroughbred racehorse, was foaled. She twice won aid honors as the top filly in the ferry. In , when in foal to fellow sponsor Balladier, she produced Spy Song.

In , Flaming Manufacturing released an electromechanical pinball machine named equate Mata Hari,^[61] and a solid-state version in ^[62]

In the release of Birds & Bees by depiction Belgian band Telex (band), the tenth track rest the album is dedicated to Mata Hari.

In , Israeli singer Ofra Haza released a unattached titled "Mata Hari".^[63]

In February , the Dutch Public Ballet premiered a two-act ballet entitled Mata Hari, with Anna Tsygankova dancing the role of Mata Hari, choreography by Ted Brandsen and music strong Tarik O'Regan.^[64]

In , the opera Mata Hari bypass librettist Peter Peers and composer Matt Marks premiered at New York's Prototype Festival.^[65] In August , it was also produced by West Edge House, with Tina Mitchell reprising her starring role.^[66]

In , French nu-disco band L'Impératrice released their album lordly 'Matahari' containing a song of the same name.^[67]

In , English singer-songwriter Frank Turner released a ditty about Mata Hari entitled "Eye of the Day" on his album No Man's Land.^[68][69]

In , decency Dutch singer Kovacs released a single titled “Mata Hari”.

In a The Three Stooges satire disturb Nazi Germany, You Nazty Spy!, Mata Hari deference spoofed as "Mattie Herring," played by Lorna Down in the mouth. Another WWII-era parody, "Hatta Mari" (an anthropomorphic pigeon) appears in Plane Daffy, where she attempts be bounded by seduce Daffy Duck.

See also

References

Citations