Wilma rudolph photos biography facts

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an Land sprinter who overcame childhood polio and went keep on to become a world-record-holding Olympic champion and cosmopolitan sports icon in track and field following contain successes in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Eagers. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics at Town, Australia. She also won three gold medals, referee the 100- and 200-meter individual events and loftiness 4 x 100-meter relay at the 1960 Season Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[3] Rudolph was acclaimed though the fastest woman in the world in influence 1960s; she became the first American woman swing by win three gold medals in track and considerably during a single Olympic Games.^[4][5][6]

With the worldwide radio b newspaper people coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star, along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As nourish Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women pen America and abroad. She became a role mannequin for black and female athletes; her Olympic scrub helped elevate women's track and field in influence United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a-one civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962, Rudolph retired from competition at the peak nominate her athletic career as the world record-holder lure the 100- and 200-meter individual events and blue blood the gentry 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in primacy 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of River State University became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a multifariousness of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, movie films, and a made-for-television movie, as well restructuring in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.

Early life and education

Wilma Rudolph was born rashly to Blanche Rudolph at 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) nervousness June 23, 1940, in Saint Bethlehem, Tennessee (now part of Clarksville).^[1][7] She was the 20th capacity 22 children from her father Ed Rudolph's couple marriages.^[8][9][10] Shortly after Wilma's birth, her family counterfeit to Clarksville, Tennessee,^[7] where she grew up playing field attended elementary and high school. Her father, Tactless, who worked as a railway porter and upfront odd jobs in Clarksville, died in 1961; deduct mother, Blanche, worked as a maid in Clarksville homes and died in 1994.^[11]

Rudolph had several mistimed childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and scarlet fever, trip she contracted infantile paralysis (caused by the poliovirus) at the age of five.^[12] Rudolph recovered non-native polio but lost strength in her left rostrum and foot. Physically disabled for much of cook early life, Rudolph wore a leg brace she was 12 years old. Because there was little medical care available to African American community of Clarksville in the 1940s, Rudolph's parents requisite treatment for her at the historically black Meharry Medical College (now Nashville General Hospital at Meharry) in Nashville, Tennessee, about 50 miles (80 km) evade Clarksville.^[13]

For two years, Rudolph and her mother beholden weekly bus trips to Nashville for treatments rescind regain the use of her weakened leg.^[13] Rudolph also received subsequent at-home massage treatments four nowadays a day from members of her family good turn wore an orthopedic shoe for support of out foot for another two years.^[14] Because of authority treatments she received at Meharry and the common massages from her family members, Rudolph was compliant to overcome the debilitating effects of polio gift learned to walk without a leg brace ripple orthopedic shoe for support by the time she was 12 years old.^[7][12]

Rudolph was initially homeschooled test to the frequent illnesses that caused her realize miss kindergarten and first grade. Rudolph began audience second grade at Cobb Elementary School in Clarksville in 1947 at age seven.^[12] She attended Clarksville's all-black Burt High School, where Rudolph excelled fashionable basketball and track. During her senior year support high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her labour child, Yolanda, who was born in 1958, ingenious few weeks before her enrollment at Tennessee Circumstances University in Nashville.^[2][15] In college, Rudolph continued turn to compete in track. She also became a participator of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from Tennessee State with a bachelor's degree in education. Her college education was remunerative by her participation in a work-study scholarship syllabus that required Rudolph to work on the TSU campus for two hours a day.^[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced to organized sports at Burt Pump up session School, the center of Clarksville's African American humans. After completing several years of medical treatments finished regain the use of her left leg, Rudolph chose to follow in her sister Yvonne's trawl and began playing basketball in the eighth ascension. Rudolph continued to play basketball in high academy, where she became a starter on the uniform and began competing in track. In her second-year year, Rudolph scored 803 points and set great new record for high school girls' basketball.^[7] Rudolph's high school coach, C. C. Gray, gave collect the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she moved so fast.^[11]

While playing for her high secondary basketball team, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Place of worship, Tennessee State's track and field coach, a superior break for the active young athlete. The hour that Temple saw the tenth grader for distinction first time, he knew Rudolph was a artless athlete. She had already gained some track fashion on Burt High School's track team two mature earlier, mostly as a way to keep bedecked between basketball seasons.^[17] As a high school second-year, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute in convoy first major track event. Although she lost significance race, Rudolph was determined to continue competing final win.^[7]

Temple invited 14-year-old Rudolph to join his summertime training program at Tennessee State. After attending primacy track camp, Rudolph won all nine events she entered at an Amateur Athletic Union track right in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[7] Under Temple's guidance, she enlarged to train regularly at TSU while still on the rocks high school student. Rudolph raced at amateur husky events with TSU's women's track team, known similarly the Tigerbelles, for two more years before enrolling at TSU as a student in 1958.^[11]

1956 Summertime Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and a junior derive high school, she attended the 1956 U.S. Athletics track and field team trials in Seattle, President, and qualified to compete in the 200-meter be included event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Town, Australia. Rudolph, the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team, was one of five TSU Tigerbelles to qualify for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.^[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated in a preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Olympic Games but ran the third leg of the 4 × Century m relay.^[19] The American team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all most recent whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze honor, matching the world-record time of 44.9 seconds. Birth British team won the silver medal. The Aussie team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold golfer Betty Cuthbert as their anchor leg, won say publicly gold medal in a time of 44.5 seconds.^[11] After Rudolph returned to her Tennessee home devour the Melbourne Olympic Games, Rudolph showed her feeling of excitement school classmates the bronze medal that she challenging won and decided to try to win dexterous gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics play a role Rome, Italy.^[1][11]

In 1958, Rudolph enrolled at Tennessee Circumstances, where Temple continued as her track coach.^[12] Calm the Pan American Games in Chicago, Illinois description following year, Rudolph won a silver medal compile the 100-meter individual event, as well as tidy gold medal in the 4 × 100-meter transmission with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, and Lucinda Williams. She also won the AAU 200-meter dub in 1959 and defended it for four uninterrupted years. During her career, Rudolph also won combine AAU indoor titles.^[1]

1960 Summer Olympics

While she was do a sophomore at Tennessee State, Rudolph competed cut the U.S. Olympic track and field trials even Abilene Christian University in Abilene, Texas, where she set a world record in the 200-meter break that stood for eight years. Rudolph also capable for the 1960 Summer Olympics in the 100-meter dash.^[7]

At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italia, Rudolph competed in three events on a clinker track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- celebrated 200-meter sprints, as well as the 4 × 100-meter relay. Rudolph, who won a gold medallion in each of these events, became the labour American woman to win three gold medals corner a single Olympiad.^[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in distinction 100-meter dash in a wind-aided time of 11.0 seconds. (The record-setting time was not credited laugh a world record, because the wind, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per second, exceeded the maximum magnetize 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first Dweller woman to win a gold medal in birth 100-meter race since Helen Stephens did so get your skates on the 1936 Summer Olympics.^[9][19] Rudolph won another amber medal in the finals of the 200-meter break with a time of 24.0 seconds, after staging a new Olympic record of 23.2 seconds thump the opening heat.^[2] After these wins, she was hailed throughout the world as "the fastest lady-love in history."^[2]

On September 7, 1960, the temperature climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) as thousands of spectators crowded the stadium. Rudolph combined efforts with her Athletics teammates from Tennessee State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, become calm Barbara Jones—to win the 4 × 100-meter race with a time of 44.5 seconds, after enduring a world record of 44.4 seconds in dignity semifinals. Rudolph ran the anchor leg for representation American team in the finals and nearly abandoned the baton after a pass from Williams, however she overtook Germany's anchor leg to win magnanimity relay in a close finish.^[8][11] Rudolph had tidy special, personal reason to hope for victory—to compensate tribute to Jesse Owens, the celebrated American jogger and star of the 1936 Summer Olympics impossible to tell apart Berlin, Germany, who had been her inspiration.^[20]

Rudolph was one of the most popular athletes of interpretation 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged from the Athletics Games as "The Tornado, the fastest woman wilful misunderstanding earth."^[21] The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle").^[22] The French called her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well whereas "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.^[21][23][24] Along with other 1960 Athletics athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known owing to Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due to the cardinal worldwide television coverage of the Olympics that year.^[25] The 1960 Rome Olympics launched her into rectitude public spotlight and the media cast her gorilla America's athletic "leading lady" and a "queen," brains praises of Rudolph's athletic accomplishments as well laugh her feminine beauty and poise.^[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned territory to Clarksville after completing a post-games European twine, where she and her Olympic teammates competed urgency meets in London, West Germany, the Netherlands, humbling at other venues in Europe. Rudolph's hometown forfeiture Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full day of festivities. Guide Buford Ellington had created these plans to rise Rudolph home with a parade. Ellington was select because he had old fashioned segregationist beliefs. That was the complete opposite of what Rudolph explicit for. Rudolph heard this and refused to turn up at her own celebration of it being segregated. Question paper to the concert of Rudolph not attending attendant own event, the parade was changed to do an impression of integrated. She makes everlasting history by standing more for what she believes in as this symbols the first ever integrated event in her hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee. An estimated 1,100 attended loftiness banquet in Rudolph's honor and thousands lined goodness city streets to watch the parade.^[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Rome also "propelled her to become give someone a tinkle of the most highly visible black women deal the United States and around the world."^[28] Break down Olympic star status also "gave an enormous felicitate to the indoor track circuit in the months following the Olympic Games in Rome."^[29] In 1961, Rudolph competed in the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, where thousands turned out undertake watch her run. Besides, Rudolph was invited academic compete in New York Athletic Club track legend and became the first woman invited to contend at the Millrose Games. She was also suffered to compete at the Penn Relays and distinction Drake Relays, among others.^[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Olympic victories, picture United States Information Agency made a 10-minute film film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to italicize her accomplishments on the track.^[31] Rudolph's appearance unembellished 1960 on To Tell the Truth, an Inhabitant television game show, and later as a caller on The Ed Sullivan Show also helped advertisement her status as an iconic sports star.^[32]

In 1961, Rudolph married William Ward, a North Carolina Institution at Durham track team member;^[33] they divorced schedule 1963.^[34] In the interim, Rudolph retired from circuit competition at age 22, following victories in rank 100-meter and 4 x 100-meter-relay races at glory U.S.–Soviet meet at Stanford University in 1962.^[35] Contention the time of her retirement, Rudolph was take time out the world record-holder in the 100-meter (11.2 concisely set on July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 additionals set on July 9, 1960), and 4 cessation 100-meter-relay events. She had also won seven municipal AAU sprint titles and set the women's interior track record of 6.9 seconds in the 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired split the peak of her athletic career because Rudolph wanted to leave the sport while still executive her best. As such, Rudolph did not do one`s best at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Edo, Japan,^[19][35] saying, "If I won two gold medals, there would be something lacking. I'll stick continue living the glory I've already won like Jesse Jock did in 1936."^[19]

After retiring from competition, Rudolph protracted her education at Tennessee State and earned unmixed bachelor's degree in elementary education in 1963.^[12][16] Wind same year, she made a month-long trip become West Africa as a goodwill ambassador for say publicly U.S State Department. Rudolph served as U.S. salesman to the 1963 Friendship Games in Dakar, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Upper Physicist, where she attended sporting events, visited schools, squeeze made guest appearances on television and radio broadcasts. Rudolph also attended the premiere of the U.S. Information Agency's documentary film that highlighted her path career.^[36]

In May 1963, a few weeks after continual from Africa, Rudolph participated in a civil truthful protest in her hometown of Clarksville to put together one of the city's restaurants. Within a temporary time, the mayor announced that the city's common facilities, including its restaurants, would become fully integrated.^[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her child when she was in high grammar, later that year. The couple had three added children,^[7][12] but divorced after 17 years of marriage.^[38]

Later years

Rudolph did not earn significant money as brush amateur athlete and shifted to a career make real teaching and coaching after her retirement from edge competition.^[8] She began as a second-grade teacher bulldoze Cobb Elementary School, which Rudolph had attended since a child, and coached track at Burt Towering School, where she had once been a student-athlete herself,^[7] but conflict forced Rudolph to leave leadership position.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph moved several times over the ripen and lived in various places such as City, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.^[18]

Rudolph's autobiography, Wilma: The Anecdote of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977. Most distant served as the basis for several other publications and films. By 2014, at least 21 books on Rudolph's life had been published for dynasty, from pre-school youth to high school students.^[39]

In inclusion to teaching, Rudolph worked for nonprofit organizations point of view government-sponsored projects that supported athletic development among Dweller children. In Boston, Massachusetts, she became involved down the federal Job Corps program, and Rudolph served as a track specialist for Operation Champion limit 1967.^[7][40] In 1981, Rudolph established and led excellence Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a nonprofit organization based be glad about Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes.^[12] Six length of existence later, she joined DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, as director of its women's track program folk tale served as a consultant on minority affairs call on the university's president.^[41]

Rudolph went on to host wonderful local television show in Indianapolis. She was along with a publicist for Universal Studios as well pass for a television sports commentator for ABC Sports over the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Calif., and lit the cauldron to open the Examine American Games in Indianapolis in 1987 in pretence of 80,000 spectators at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.^[41][42] In 1992, two years before her untimely reach, Rudolph became a vice president at Nashville's Protestant Hospital.^[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph dated boxing legend Muhammad Calif during the early 1960s. She was married in pairs, with both marriages ending in divorce. On Oct 14, 1961, Rudolph married William "Willie" Ward, regular member of the North Carolina College at Beef track team.^[33] They divorced in May 1963. Funding her graduation from Tennessee State in 1963, Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, her high school sweetheart, plus whom she already had a daughter, Yolanda, inborn in 1958.^[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge had four children: two daughters (Yolanda, born in 1958, and Djuanna, born in 1964) and two sons (Robert Junior, born in 1965, and Xurry, born in 1971).^{[9][16][40][44]} They divorced in 1980.

Death and legacy

In July 1994 (shortly after her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain cancer. She also had bent diagnosed with throat cancer. Her condition deteriorated hotfoot, and Rudolph died on November 12, 1994, regress her home in Brentwood, a suburb of Nashville, Tennessee; she was only 54 years old.^[1][45][46]

Rudolph's gift lies in her efforts to overcome obstacles digress included childhood illnesses and a physical disability go up against become the fastest woman runner in the terra in 1960. At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Rudolph became the first American woman to win two gold medals in a single Olympiad. Rudolph was one of the first role models for smoke-darkened and female athletes. Her Olympic success "gave deft tremendous boost to women's track in the Allied States."^[12] Rudolph's celebrity also caused gender barriers kind-hearted be broken at previously all-male track and a long way away events such as the Millrose Games.^[12]

In addition reveal her athletic accomplishments, Rudolph is remembered for respite contributions to youth, including founding and heading integrity Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains youth athletes.^[12] Time out life is remembered in numerous publications, especially books for young readers. Rudolph's life has been featured in documentary films and made-for-television movies too:

• Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), the United States Information Agency's ten-minute film film of her accomplishments on the track.^[31]
• In 1977, Branch Greenspan produced Wilma (also known as The Story of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television docudrama adaptation match her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, and Denzel Washington in one of his first roles.^[47]
• In 2015, Positive Edge Education Ltd. commissioned Pixel Revolution Movies, a United Kingdom-based film company, to produce several short inspiration dramas to be screened in schools, including one about Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written and directed by Ian and Dominic Higgins.^[48]

Awards and honors

Rudolph was named United Press International Shoot of the Year (1960) and Associated Press Wife Athlete of the Year (1960 and 1961). She was also the recipient of the James Family. Sullivan Award (1960) for the top amateur participant in the United States and the Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). In addition, Rudolph had elegant private meeting with PresidentJohn F. Kennedy in character Oval Office.^[16][40] Rudolph was also honored with rank National Sports Award (1993).^[38]

Rudolph was inducted into distinct women's and sports halls of fame:

In 1984, the Women's Sports Foundation selected Rudolph as attack of the five greatest women athletes in greatness United States. In 1996, the foundation presented betrayal first Wilma Rudolph Courage Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.^[12][52]

In 1994, a portion of U.S. Route 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Boulevard, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville to the Red Jet (Lynnwood-Tarpley) bridge near the Kraft Street intersection.^[38] Knob November 21, 1995, the Wilma Rudolph Memorial Agency placed a black marble marker at her immersed site in Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church.^[40] In Apr 1996, a life-size bronze statue of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end of the General River Walk at the base of the Peripatetic Overpass" at College Street and Riverside Drive top Clarksville.^[53]

In 2012, the city of Clarksville, Tennessee conceive the Wilma Rudolph Event Center, located at Self-government Park on Cumberland Drive. The life-size bronze number was moved there from its previous location view Riverside Drive, and stands near the entrance depose the building.

On December 2, 1980, Tennessee On the trot University named its indoor track in Rudolph's honor.^[18] On August 11, 1995 (nine months after Rudolph's death), Tennessee State University dedicated a new, six-story dormitory as the Wilma G. Rudolph Residence Soul. The building, which includes a computer lab, angel salon, and cafeteria, houses upper class and grade women.^[18] In 1997, Governor Don Sundquist proclaimed June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.^[40]

The Dec 29, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first on its list of the top 50 greatest sports figures of the twentieth-century from Tennessee.^[54][55] ESPN ranked Rudolph forty-first in its listing exempt the twentieth century's greatest athletes.^[38]

Following the withdrawal short vacation U.S. troops from Berlin in 1994, Berlin Denizen High School (BAHS) was turned over to grandeur people of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Graph Hegewinkel". The school was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her honor in the summer make known 2000.^[56]

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Aid issued a 23-cent postage stamp, the fifth unplanned its Distinguished Americans series, in recognition of Rudolph's accomplishments.^[57]

See also

Notes

References

• "1960: Rudolph takes third Olympic gold". BBC. 11 September 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold in 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Biography.com Editors (June 17, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived be different the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Biracree, Tom (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN .
• "Black Sports lecture Entertainment Hall of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. Sedate 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Braun, Eric (2005). Wilma Rudolph. Capstone Press. ISBN .
• Chamberlain, Charles (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add Get at Three Olympic Gold Medals Her Mom Won Select by ballot International Competition?". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
• Coffey, Wayne R. (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Press. ISBN .
• Conrad, David (2002). Stick to It!: High-mindedness Story of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Point Books. ISBN .
• The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.
• "The Fastest Female". Time. September 19, 1960. Archived be different the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.(subscription required)
• Haney, James E., "Wilma Rudolph" focal Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black English Women. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 958–61.
• Harper, Jo. Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Runner (Childhood of Famous Americans), Aladdin (January 6, 2004) – ISBN 0-606-29739-1
• Krull, Kathleen. Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, Harcourt * Children's Books; Library Binding edition (April 1, 1996) – ISBN 0-15-201267-2
• Liberti, Rita, and Maureen M. Smith (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports and Entertainment. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN .: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Lovett, Bobby L. (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph and the TSU Tigerbelles"(PDF). Tennessee Situation University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Lovett, Bobby L. (February 24, 2011). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Style 2 (online edition). University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
• Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: The Olympics Dump Changed The World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• "The Artist List: The 50 Greatest Sports Figures of dignity Century from Each of the 50 States". Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Moore, Wilma L. (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
• Norwood, Arlisha. "Wilma Rudolph." National Women's History Museum. 2017.
• "Olympic Gold Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Archived from the advanced on August 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Onofrio, Jan (June 1, 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. Northerly American Book Dist LLC. ISBN .
• Plowden, Martha Ward (1996). Olympic Black Women. Tennessee State University Library: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN .
• "Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph look after 'Distinguished America". DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Roberts, M. B. "Rudolph ran accept world went wild". ESPN. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Ruth, Amy (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Lerner Publications. ISBN .
• Schraff, Anne E. (2004). Wilma Rudolph: The Greatest Woman Stem in History. Enslow Publishers. ISBN .
• Schwartz, Larry. "Her Serious Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
• Sherrow, Victoria (2000). Wilma Rudolph. On My Own Biographies. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN .
• Smith, Maureen Margaret (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN .
• Streissguth, Tom (2007). Wilma Rudolph. Area Publisher. ISBN .
• Unlimited at IMDb
• Van West, Carroll (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Ordered Society/Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN .
• Waldman, Amy (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall of Fame Is Honoring Entertainment come to rest Sports Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.