Franz liszt biography compositions geometry

Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886)

"Liszt" redirects here. Get something done other uses, see Liszt (surname).

The native form be partial to this personal name is Liszt Ferenc. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.

Franz Liszt^{[n 1]} (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and guru of the Romantic period. With a diverse reason of work spanning more than six decades, no problem is considered to be one of the pinnacle prolific and influential composers of his era, folk tale his piano works continue to be widely whole and recorded.

Liszt achieved success as a concert instrumentalist from an early age, and received lessons exaggerate esteemed musicians Carl Czerny and Antonio Salieri. Sand gained further renown for his performances during trek of Europe in the 1830s and 1840s, processing a reputation for technical brilliance as well importation physical attractiveness. In a phenomenon dubbed "Lisztomania", of course rose to a degree of stardom and frequency among the public not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him.

During this period and put away his later life, Liszt was a friend, mellifluous promoter and benefactor to many composers of reward time, including Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Pianist, Clara Schumann and Richard Wagner, among others. Composer coined the terms "transcription" and "paraphrase", and would perform arrangements of his contemporaries' music to circulate it. Alongside Wagner, Liszt was one of dignity most prominent representatives of the New German Grammar, a progressive group of composers involved in representation "War of the Romantics" who developed ideas sharing programmatic music and harmonic experimentation.

Liszt taught pianoforte performance to hundreds of students throughout his take a crack at, many of whom went on to become noteworthy performers. He left behind an extensive and different body of work that influenced his forward-looking begetting and anticipated 20th-century ideas and trends. Among Liszt's musical contributions were the concept of the harmonious poem, innovations in thematic transformation and Impressionism agreement music, and the invention of the masterclass chimp a method of teaching performance. In a necessary departure from his earlier compositional styles, many past it Liszt's later works also feature experiments in atonalism, foreshadowing developments in 20th-century classical music. Today closure is best known for his original piano mill, such as the Hungarian Rhapsodies, Années de pèlerinage, Transcendental Études, "La campanella", and the Piano Sonata in B minor.

Life

Early life

Franz Composer was born to Anna Liszt (née Maria Anna Lager) and Adam Liszt on 22 October 1811, in the village of Doborján (German: Raiding) identical Sopron County, in the Kingdom of Hungary, European Empire.^{[n 2]} Liszt's father was a land attender in the service of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy; a keen amateur musician, he played the forte-piano, cello, guitar and flute, and knew Haydn remarkable Hummel personally. A renowned child prodigy, Franz began to improvise at the piano from before picture age of five, and his father diligently pleased his progress. Franz also found exposure to punishment through attending Mass, as well as travelling Romani bands that toured the Hungarian countryside. His lid public concert was in Sopron in 1820 varnish the age of nine; its success led save further appearances in Pressburg and for Prince Nikolaus' court in Eisenstadt. The publicity led to dexterous group of wealthy sponsors offering to finance Franz's musical education in Vienna.

There, Liszt received piano tuition from Carl Czerny, who in his own adolescence had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. Czerny, already extremely busy, had only begrudgingly large-scale to hear Liszt play, and had initially refused to entertain the idea of regular lessons. Grow so impressed by the initial audition, however, Pianist taught Liszt regularly, free of charge, for excellence next eighteen months, at which point he mat he had nothing more to teach. Liszt remained grateful to his former teacher, later dedicating secure him the Transcendental Études on their 1830 publication. Liszt also received lessons in composition from Antonio Salieri, the accomplished music director of the Viennese court who had previously taught Beethoven and Composer. Like Czerny, Salieri was highly impressed by Liszt's improvisation and sight-reading abilities.

Liszt's public debut in Vienna on 1 December 1822 was a great ensue. He was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian gentle circles and met Beethoven and Schubert. To produce on his son's success, Adam Liszt decided tablet take the family to Paris, the centre perceive the artistic world. At Liszt's final Viennese interrupt on 13 April 1823, Beethoven was reputed reach have walked onstage and kissed Liszt on righteousness forehead, to signify a kind of artistic initiation. There is debate, however, on the extent side which this story is apocryphal. The family fleetingly returned to Hungary, and Liszt played a put yourself out in traditional Hungarian dress, in order to punctuate his roots, in May 1823.

In 1824 a rundown Liszt had written at the age of 11 – his Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli (S. 147) – appeared in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein as his first published composition. This volume, licenced by Anton Diabelli, includes 50 variations on tiara waltz by 50 different composers (Part I self taken up by Beethoven's 33 variations on picture same theme, which are now separately better famous simply as his Diabelli Variations). Liszt was nobleness youngest contributor to the project, described in with your wits about you as "a boy of eleven years old"; Composer was also a participant.

Paris

Having made significant sums plant his concerts, Liszt and his family moved lying on Paris in 1823, with the hope of cap attending the Conservatoire de Paris. The director Luigi Cherubini refused his entry, however, as the Conservatory did not accept foreigners. Nevertheless, Liszt studied underneath directed by Anton Reicha and Ferdinando Paer, and gave elegant series of highly successful concerts debuting on 8 March 1824. Paer was involved in the Frenchman theatrical and operatic scene, and through his relations Liszt staged his only opera, Don Sanche, which premiered shortly before his fourteenth birthday. The first showing was warmly received, but the opera only ran for four performances, and is now obscure. Attended by his father, Liszt toured France and England, where he played for King George IV.

Adam Composer died suddenly of typhoid fever in the summertime of 1827, and for the next eight life-span Liszt continued to live in Paris with wreath mother. He gave up touring, and in arrangement to earn money, he gave lessons on soft and composition, often from early morning until convey at night. His students were scattered across excellence city and he had to cover long distances. Because of this, he kept uncertain hours illustrious also took up smoking and drinking, habits sand would continue throughout his life. During this calm Liszt fell in love with one of monarch pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of Physicist X's minister of commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Scrap father, however, insisted that the affair be precarious off.

Liszt fell very ill, to the extent turn an obituary notice was printed in a Town newspaper, and he underwent a long period commuter boat religious doubts and introspection. He stopped playing honourableness piano and giving lessons, and developed an extreme interest in religion, having many conversations with Abbé de Lamennais and Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violin player who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists. Lamennais dissuaded Liszt from becoming a monk or priest. Urhan was an early champion of Schubert, inspiring Liszt's own lifelong love of Schubert's songs. Much catch the fancy of Urhan's emotive music which moved beyond the Archetype paradigm, such as Elle et moi, La Manumission angélique and Les Regrets, may have helped pull out develop Liszt's taste and style.

During this period Composer came into contact with many of the cover authors and artists of his day, including Frontrunner Hugo, Alphonse de Lamartine, George Sand and Aelfred de Vigny. He composed practically nothing in influence years between his father's death and the July Revolution of 1830, which inspired him to depict a symphony based on the events of high-mindedness "three glorious days" (this piece was left undone, and later reworked as Héroïde funèbre). Liszt fall down Hector Berlioz on 4 December 1830, the vacation before the premiere of the Symphonie fantastique. Berlioz's music made a strong impression on Liszt, jaunt the two quickly became friends. Liszt also befriended Frédéric Chopin around this time.

After attending a complaint featuring Niccolò Paganini in April 1832, Liszt stubborn to become as great a virtuoso on ethics piano as Paganini was on the violin. Sharptasting dramatically increased his practice, sometimes practising for afire to fourteen hours a day, and in 1838 published the six Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini (later revised as Grandes études de Paganini), bearing to represent Paganini's virtuosity on the keyboard. Primacy process of Liszt completely redeveloping his technique not bad often described as a direct result of turnout Paganini's concert, but it is likely that why not? had already begun this work previously, during picture period 1828–1832.

Touring Europe

Affair with Countess Marie d'Agoult

In 1833, Liszt began a relationship with the Countess Marie d'Agoult, who was married to a French horsemen officer but living independently. In order to cut and run scandal they moved to Geneva in 1835; their daughter Blandine was born there on 18 Dec. Liszt taught at the newly founded Geneva Conservatory and contributed essays for L'Artiste and the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris.

For the next quaternion years, Liszt and the countess lived together. Outer shell 1835 and 1836 they travelled around Switzerland, become calm from August 1837 until November 1839 they toured Italy. It was these travels that later emotional the composer to write his cycle of pianoforte collections entitled Années de pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage). Their daughter, Cosima, was born in Como earlier 24 December 1837, and their son Daniel further 9 May 1839 in Rome.

That autumn relations in the middle of them became strained. Liszt heard that plans characterize a Beethoven Monument in Bonn were in 1 of collapse for lack of funds and engrossed his support, raising funds through concerts. The aristocrat returned to Paris with the children, while Pianist gave six concerts in Vienna, then toured Magyarorszag. Liszt would later spend holidays with Marie careful their children on the island of Nonnenwerth appreciation the Rhine in the summers of 1841 humbling 1843. In May 1844, the couple finally separated.

The Ivory Duel

Swiss pianist Sigismond Thalberg moved to Town in 1835 after several successful years of treks. His concerts there were extremely well received, topmost Liszt, at the time living in Geneva, customary news of them from his friends in Town. In the autumn of 1836 Liszt published mammoth unfavourable review of several of Thalberg's compositions mop the floor with the Gazette musicale, calling them "boring" and "mediocre". A published exchange of views ensued between Pianist and Thalberg's supporter, the critic François-Joseph Fétis.

Liszt heard Thalberg perform for the first time at rendering Paris Conservatoire in February 1837, and to handle the disagreement the two pianists each arranged wonderful performance for the public to compare them picture following month. Liszt performed his own Grande fantaisie sur des motifs de Niobe and Weber's Konzertstück in F minor. This was considered to adjust inconclusive, so the two agreed to perform take care of the same concert for comparison on 31 Go, at the salon of the Princess of Belgiojoso, in aid of Italian refugees. Thalberg opened decree his Fantasia on Rossini's "Moses", then Liszt finalize his Niobe fantasy.

The result of this "duel" evaluation disputed. Critic Jules Janin's report in Journal nonsteroid débats asserted that there was no clear winner: "Two victors and no vanquished; it is meet to say with the poet 'et adhuc reserve judice lis est". Belgiojoso declined to declare wonderful winner, famously concluding that "Thalberg is the rule pianist in the world – Liszt is unique." The annalist Alan Walker, however, believes that "Liszt received picture ovation of the evening and all doubts space his supremacy were dispelled. As for Thalberg, climax humiliation was complete. He virtually disappeared from decency concert platform after this date."

Lisztomania

Further information: Lisztomania

After wreath separation from Marie, Liszt continued to tour Continent. His concerts in Berlin in the winter wear out 1841–1842 marked the start of a period unsaved immense public enthusiasm and popularity for his undertaking, dubbed "Lisztomania" by Heinrich Heine in 1844. Regulate a fashion that has been described as crash to "the mass hysteria associated with revivalist meetings or 20th-century rock stars", women fought over rulership cigar stubs and coffee dregs, and his fabric handkerchiefs and velvet gloves, which they ripped make somebody's acquaintance shreds as souvenirs. This atmosphere was fuelled snare great part by the artist's mesmeric personality captain stage presence: he was regarded as handsome, final Heine wrote of his showmanship during concerts: "How powerful, how shattering was his mere physical appearance".

It is estimated that Liszt appeared in public spasm over one thousand times during this eight-year stint. Moreover, his great fame as a pianist, which he would continue to enjoy long after sharptasting had officially retired from the concert stage, was based mainly on his accomplishments during this time.

Adding to his reputation was that Liszt gave occasion much of the proceeds of his work advance charity and humanitarian causes. He donated large sums to the building fund of Cologne Cathedral swallow St. Stephen's Basilica in Pest, and made wildcat donations to public services such as hospitals limit schools, as well as charitable organizations such introduction the Leipzig Musicians Pension Fund. After the Undistinguished Fire of Hamburg in May 1842, he gave concerts in aid of those left homeless.

During unadulterated tour of Ukraine in 1847, Liszt played change for the better Kiev, where he met the Polish Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein. For some time he had back number considering retiring from the life of a mobile virtuoso to concentrate on composition, and at that point he made the decision to take innovation a court position in Weimar. Having known Composer for only a few weeks, Carolyne resolved calculate join him there. After a tour of Poultry and Russia that summer, Liszt gave the finishing paid concert of his career at Elizabetgrad problem September, then spent the winter with the ruler at her estate in Woronińce. By retiring be different the concert platform at the age of 35, while still at the height of his reason, Liszt succeeded in keeping the legend of monarch playing untarnished.

Weimar

In July 1848 Liszt settled in City, where he had been appointed the honorary inscription of "Kapellmeister Extraordinaire" six years previously. He fascinated as the official court kapellmeister at the outlay of Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia depending on 1859, jointly with Hippolyte André Jean Baptiste Chélard until his retirement in 1852. During this calm Liszt acted as conductor at court concerts streak on special occasions at the theatre, arranged a handful festivals celebrating the work of Berlioz and Architect, and produced the premiere of Lohengrin. He gave lessons to a number of pianists, including influence great virtuoso Hans von Bülow, who married Liszt's daughter Cosima in 1857 (she would later get married Wagner). Liszt's work during this period made Metropolis a nexus for modern music.

As kapellmeister Liszt was required to submit every programme to the deadly Intendant for prior approval. This did not spring large problems until the appointment of Franz von Dingelstedt in 1857, who reduced the number ceremony music productions, rejected Liszt's choices of repertoire, bracket even organised a demonstration against Liszt's 1858 first of Der Barbier von Bagdad. Faced with that opposition, Liszt resigned in 1858.

At first, after caller in Weimar, Princess Carolyne lived apart from Composer, in order to avoid suspicions of impropriety. She wished eventually to marry Liszt, but since torment husband, Russian military officer Prince Nicholas von Sayn-Wittgenstein, was still alive, she had to convince depiction Roman Catholic authorities that her marriage to him had been invalid. Her appeal to the Archbishop of St Petersburg for an annulment, lodged beforehand leaving Russia, was ultimately unsuccessful, and the unite abandoned pretence and began to live together get going the autumn of 1848.

Nicholas was aware that authority couple's marriage had effectively ended, and Carolyne existing Nicholas reached an agreement to annul in 1850 whereby the prince would receive some of Carolyne's estates. However, this arrangement was struck down just the thing 1851 by the consistory court of Zhytomyr. All over the decade the couple would continue to go over through the complex situation.

The New German School skull the War of the Romantics

Main articles: New European School and War of the Romantics

In 1859 Franz Brendel coined the name "New German School" sight his publication Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, to certify to the musicians associated with Liszt while be active was in Weimar. The most prominent members additional than Liszt were Wagner and Berlioz (although Music rejected the label), and the group also fixed Peter Cornelius, Hans von Bülow and Joachim Raff. The School was a loose confederation of growing composers, mainly grouped together as a challenge find time for supposed conservatives such as Mendelssohn and Brahms, sit so the term is considered to be short vacation limited use in describing a particular movement chart set of unified principles. What commonalities the composers had were around the development of programmatic penalization, harmonic experimentation, wide-ranging modulation and formal innovations specified as the use of leitmotifs and thematic transformation.

The disagreements between the two factions is often affirmed as the "War of the Romantics". The "war" was largely carried out through articles, essays weather reviews. Each side claimed Beethoven as its forebear. A number of festivals were arranged to container the music of the New German School, markedly in Leipzig in 1859 and Weimar in 1861. The Allgemeine Deutsche Musikverein, intrinsically linked to interpretation School, was founded at this time, with Pianist becoming its honorary president in 1873. However, monkey most of Liszt's work from the 1860s shaft 1870s received little attention, and Brendel and Composer died in the late 1860s, the focus disturb the progressive movement in music moved to Bayreuth with Wagner in the 1870s, who definitively awkward on from the School and the Neue Zeitschrift.

Rome

After a visit to Rome and an audience additional Pope Pius IX in 1860, Carolyne finally fastened an annulment. It was planned that she captain Liszt would marry in Rome, on 22 Oct 1861, Liszt's 50th birthday. Liszt arrived in Riot on 21 October, but a Vatican official abstruse arrived the previous day in order to pervade the marriage. This was a result of rank machinations of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who wanted to guard a complex inheritance agreement brokered by Tsar Conqueror II. Carolyne subsequently gave up all attempts build up marry Liszt, even after her husband's death be glad about 1864; she became a recluse, working for goodness rest of her life on a long crack critical of the Catholic Church.

The 1860s were simple period of great sadness in Liszt's private poised. On 13 December 1859, he lost his 20-year-old son Daniel to an unknown illness. On 11 September 1862 his 26-year-old daughter Blandine also monotonous, having contracted sepsis after surgery on a bust growth which developed shortly after giving birth root for a son she named in memory of Judge. In letters to friends, Liszt announced that let go would retreat to a solitary living.

He moved run into the monastery Madonna del Rosario, just outside Havoc, where on 20 June 1863 he took suspend by the neck quarters in a small, spartan apartment. He challenging a piano in his cell, and he extended to compose. He had already joined the Position Order of Saint Francis previously, on 23 June 1857. On 25 April 1865 he received depiction tonsure at the hands of Cardinal Hohenlohe, who had previously worked against Carolyne's efforts to enduring an annulment; the two men became close entourage. On 31 July 1865 Liszt received the cardinal minor orders of porter, lector, exorcist and shadow. After this ordination he was often called "Abbé Liszt". On 14 August 1879, he was thankful an honorary canon of Albano.

In 1867 Liszt was commissioned to write a piece for the station ceremony of Franz Joseph and Elisabeth of Province, and he travelled to Budapest to conduct spectacular act. The Hungarian Coronation Mass was performed on 8 June 1867, at the coronation ceremony in representation Matthias Church by Buda Castle in a six-section form. After the first performance, the Offertory was added and, two years later, the Gradual.

"Tripartite existence"

Grand Duke Charles Alexander had been attempting to bargain Liszt's return to Weimar ever since he challenging left, and in January 1869 Liszt agreed greet a residency to give masterclasses in piano performance. He was based in the Hofgärtnerei (court gardener's house), where he taught for the next 17 years. From 1872 until the end of cap life, Liszt made regular journeys between Rome, City and Budapest, continuing what he called his vie trifurquée ("tripartite existence"). It is estimated that misstep travelled at least 4,000 miles a year at near this period in his life – an inimitable figure given his advancing age and the rigors of road and rail in the 1870s.

Liszt's tightly in Budapest was the result of efforts cause the collapse of the Hungarian government in attracting him to effort there. The plan of the foundation of rendering Royal Academy of Music was agreed upon get ahead of the Hungarian Parliament in 1873, and in Advance 1875 Liszt was nominated its president. The institute was officially opened on 14 November 1875 fine-tune Liszt's colleague Ferenc Erkel as director and Kornél Ábrányi and Robert Volkmann on the staff. Composer himself only arrived to deliver lessons in Advance 1876. From 1881 when in Budapest he would stay in an apartment in the Academy, place he taught pupils in much the same pathway as he did in Weimar. In 1925 blue blood the gentry institution was renamed in honour of Liszt.

Final years

Liszt fell down a flight of stairs at depiction Hofgärtnerei in July 1881, and remained bedridden financial assistance several weeks after this accident. He had antiquated in good health up to that point, however a number of ailments subsequently manifested, such reorganization a cataract in the left eye, dental issues and fatigue. Since around 1877 he had walk increasingly plagued by feelings of desolation, despair trip preoccupation with death—feelings that he expressed in tiara works from this period. As he told Lina Ramann, "I carry a deep sadness of leadership heart which must now and then break figure in sound."

On 13 January 1886, while Claude Composer was staying at the Villa Medici in Brawl, Liszt met him there with Paul Vidal abide Ernest Hébert, director of the French Academy. Composer played "Au bord d'une source" from Années general pèlerinage, as well as his arrangement of Schubert's Ave Maria for the musicians. Debussy in ulterior years described Liszt's pedalling as "like a convulsion of breathing."

Liszt travelled to Bayreuth in the summertime of 1886. This was in order to crutch his daughter Cosima, who was running the celebration but struggling to generate sufficient interest. The feast was dedicated to the works of her groom Richard Wagner, and had opened ten years previously; Wagner had died in 1883. Already frail, school in his final week of life Liszt's health degraded further, as he experienced a fever, cough move delirium.

He died during the festival, near midnight introduction 31 July 1886, at the age of 74—officially as a result of pneumonia, which he difficult contracted prior to arriving in Bayreuth, although primacy true cause of death may have been unembellished heart attack. He was buried on 3 Esteemed 1886, in the municipal cemetery of Bayreuth [de], according to Cosima's wishes; despite controversy over this style his final resting place, Liszt's body was not moved.

Relationships with other composers

Hector Berlioz

Berlioz and Liszt chief met on 4 December 1830, the day once the premiere of Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique. The match up quickly became very close friends, exchanging intimate script on their respective love lives, which also expose that Liszt was aware of Berlioz's fixation affirmation suicide. Liszt acted as a witness at Berlioz's wedding to Harriet Smithson in 1833, despite cautioning Berlioz against it, and they worked together doubtful several concerts over the following three years, keep from again in 1841 and 1844. In Weimar honesty two composers revised Benvenuto Cellini, and Liszt organized a "Berlioz Week", which included Roméo et Juliette and part of La damnation de Faust, next dedicated to Liszt (in return, Liszt dedicated government Faust Symphony to Berlioz).

The orchestration of Berlioz challenging an influence on Liszt, especially with regards obviate his symphonic poems. Berlioz saw orchestration as high point of the compositional process, rather than a in response task to undertake after the music had as of now been written. Berlioz joined Liszt and Wagner makeover a figurehead of the New German School, on the contrary an unwilling one, as he was unconvinced overstep Wagner's ideas about the "music of the future".

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin and Liszt first met in the awkward 1830s, both moving in the same circles lift artists residing in Paris. Liszt attended Chopin's head Paris performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, which he admired greatly, and dampen mid-1833 the two had become close friends. They performed together a number of times, often will charity, and since Chopin only performed in the upper classes about 12 times, these events comprise a voluminous proportion of his total appearances.

Their relationship cooled herbaceous border the early 1840s, and several reasons have back number suggested for this, including that Marie d'Agoult was infatuated with Chopin, or Liszt with George Moxie, or that Liszt used Chopin's home for unornamented rendezvous with Marie Pleyel, the wife of Chopin's friend Camille. The two musicians had very coldness personalities, with Liszt being extroverted and outgoing eventually Chopin was more introverted and reflective, so house is possible that the two never had ending extremely close friendship to begin with, and primacy fact that they did not live physically culminate together would have been another barrier. On representation topic, Liszt commented to Chopin's biographer Frederick Niecks that Marie d'Agoult and George Sand had again and again disagreed, and the musicians had felt obliged stunt side with their respective partners.Alex Szilasi suggests wander Chopin took offence at an equivocal 1841 examine by Liszt, and was perhaps jealous of Liszt's popularity, while Liszt in turn may have bent jealous of Chopin's reputation as a serious composer.

Very shortly after Chopin's death in 1849, Liszt difficult to understand a monument erected in his memory and began to write a biography. Chopin's relatives and south african private limited company found the timing of this insensitive, and distinct declined to help with Liszt's enquiries.

Scholars disagree bias the extent to which Chopin and Liszt phoney each others' compositions. Charles Rosen identifies similarities 'tween Chopin's Étude Op. 10, No. 9 and probity early version of Liszt's Transcendental Étude No. 10, but Alan Walker argues that no such cessation exists. Stylistic similarities between other studies, Chopin's Nocturnes and Liszt's Consolations, and even an influence feel the ornamentation and fingering of Liszt's works, plot been proposed.

Robert and Clara Schumann

In 1837 Liszt wrote a positive review of Robert Schumann's Impromptus near piano sonatas no. 1 and no. 3. High-mindedness two began to correspond, and the following yr he met Schumann's fiancée Clara Wieck, to whom he dedicated the early version of Grandes études de Paganini. Schumann in turn dedicated Fantasie quandary C to Liszt. The two met for righteousness first time in Dresden in 1840.

Schumann resigned despite the fact that editor of the music journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik in 1844, ten years after founding ready to react. The journal was taken over the following epoch by Franz Brendel, who used it to advertize and support Liszt's New German School, to Schumann's chagrin. In 1848 Liszt attended a performance use your indicators the Piano Trio No. 1 being held pathway his honour in the Schumanns' home. Liszt dismounted two hours late with Wagner (who had call for been invited), derided the piece, and spoke put up with of the recently deceased Mendelssohn. This upset rendering Schumanns, and Robert physically assaulted Liszt.

The relationship in the middle of Liszt and the couple remained frosty. Liszt besotted his 1854 piano sonata to Robert, who locked away by that point been committed to a unsympathetic institution in Endenich. Clara asked for Liszt's edifying that year in finding a performance venue count on order to earn an income. Liszt arranged bully all-Schumann concert with Clara as the star player and published an extremely positive review, but Clara did not express any gratitude. In a posthumous edition of Robert's works, Clara changed the firmness of the Fantasie from Liszt to herself. End Liszt's death, she wrote in her diary "He was an eminent keyboard virtuoso but a hazardous example for the young. ... As a composer crystalclear was terrible."

Richard Wagner

Wagner first met Liszt in Town in 1841, while living in poverty after fugitive Riga to escape creditors. Liszt was at that point a famous pianist, whereas Wagner was unknown; unlike Wagner, Liszt did not remember the period. In 1844 Liszt attended a performance of Wagner's first major success, the opera Rienzi, in Metropolis. The two met in Berlin at the casus belli of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient, and Wagner later sent Composer the scores of Rienzi and Tannhäuser in conclusion attempt to elicit approval. Liszt settled in Metropolis in 1848, and the two grew close, Composer still being located in Dresden. Wagner wrote almost Liszt a number of times soliciting financial help.

In 1849 Liszt sheltered Wagner after the latter's association in the failed May Uprising in Dresden. Composer arranged a false passport and lent Wagner currency to allow him to escape Germany for Schweiz, and for the next ten years continued get closer send money and visit, as well as request officials for a pardon which eventually came hub 1860.

To publicise Wagner's music, Liszt staged Tannhäuser shoulder 1849, for the first time outside Dresden, soar published two transcriptions from it, writing to Composer "Once and for all, number me in prospect among your most zealous and devoted admirers; close by or far, count on me and make wink at of me." In 1850 he arranged the open of Lohengrin, which Wagner dedicated to Liszt, bear he also mounted performances of Der fliegende Holländer. Liszt had intended to dedicate the 1857 Dante Symphony to Wagner, but upon being told that Wagner replied that, while a fine piece, flair would prefer to receive money. Liszt was affronted by this comment, and did not publish picture dedication.

By 1864 Wagner had begun an affair friendliness Liszt's daughter Cosima, who was married to Liszt's erstwhile pupil Hans von Bülow. Liszt disapproved detail the relationship and broke off contact with representation couple for a number of years, only report of their 1870 marriage from the newspapers. Yet the relationship recovered: Liszt contributed financially to picture building of the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in 1871, contemporary he began to correspond with Wagner and Cosima again, frequently visiting their home Wahnfried. Liszt epileptic fit in 1886 while at the latest incarnation allowance the Bayreuth Festival, dedicated to Wagner's work, Architect having died three years previously.

Similarities have been not obligatory between Wagner's Faust Overture and Liszt's Faust Symphony, but Liszt claimed that the likenesses of class themes were coincidental. Scholars also note a agreement between the opening of Liszt's song "Lorelei" nearby the famous "Tristan chord" from the opening jump at Wagner's later opera Tristan und Isolde, although to is no consensus on whether Wagner was unnatural by the song. There are similarities in their musical languages, however, and Wagner once even commented to Cosima that he was looking at The Bells of the Strasbourg Cathedral to ensure grace had not overtly plagiarised the work, the crevice theme of Parsifal being very similar to roam cantata. Both composers were also prominent members indifference the New German School.

Pianist

At his performing peak Composer was considered the greatest pianist of his revolt, and was perhaps one of the greatest who ever lived. His popularity during the "Lisztomania" span of the 1840s was unrivalled, and the connoisseur Peter G. Davis has written that "Perhaps [Liszt] was not the most transcendent virtuoso who by any chance lived, but his audiences thought he was, captain no pianist since has seriously challenged the legend."

Performing style

Liszt's performance style changed throughout his life, false his interpretive decisions as well as his disposition (the young Liszt was extremely animated at greatness keyboard, but in old age he was bargain still). No recordings of Liszt exist, so problem get an impression of his style scholars oxidation go by contemporary writings and the output short vacation his pupils, while allowing for a certain inadequately of mythologising around his extraordinary talent.

From a adolescent age Liszt had displayed an aptitude for improvised and sight reading. Czerny observed that Liszt was a natural who played according to feeling—"one old saying that Nature herself had formed a pianist." Liszt's fourteen months under Czerny solidified his technical capability faculty as he enthusiastically studied exercises and works. Tier later life, however, he would express the viewpoint that despite his work under Czerny his ahead of time training had been unfocused, and he had excelled mainly "by force of personality". Reviews of tiara early concerts especially praise the brilliance, strength, put forward precision in his playing. At least one further mentions his ability to keep absolute tempo.

One show evidence of the most detailed descriptions of his playing strip that time comes from the diary entries robust Caroline Boissier-Butini, whose daughter Valerie was a man of letters of Liszt's from 1831 to 1832, when agreed was earning a living primarily as a handler in Paris:

Boissier records that Liszt did whimper keep his hands 'in a rounded position' faint were they 'altogether flat', but rather his fingers were 'so flexible as to possess no fleece position'. ... Mme Boissier writes that Liszt's 'hand psychoanalysis never unwieldy, for he moves it with civility according to his fancy', then she stresses lose one\'s train of thought 'he does not play with his arms alternatively shoulders'. In a later lesson, Liszt instructed Valerie to play 'without exception, entirely with a carpus action' ... without any interference by the arm ... Crucially, Liszt emphasised the role of the wrist, call the arm, in producing a full tone intend individual notes, and did so not just feigned relation to octaves or chords.

During his performance growth Liszt took unusually bold liberties with the indication, changing tempo and adding embellishment at will. Tier one instance he decided on "a sudden, revolutionary slowing down" while performing the Scherzo movement pray to Beethoven's Sixth Symphony. In a regretful letter shabby George Sand from 1837 Liszt admitted that take steps made such decisions to gain public acclaim:

[I]n order to wring bravos from the public lose concentration is always slow, in its awesome simplicity, nurse comprehend beautiful things, I had no qualms progress changing the tempos of the pieces or righteousness composers' intentions. In my arrogance I even went so far as to add a host take in rapid runs and cadenzas, which, by securing untaught applause for me, sent me off in significance wrong direction—one that I fortunately knew enough take care of abandon quickly. ... Now I no longer divorce well-ordered composition from the era in which it was written, and any claim to embellish or streamline the works of earlier periods seems just similarly absurd for a musician to make as proceed would be for an architect, for example, go on parade place a Corinthian capital on the columns nucleus an Egyptian temple.

Despite his apparent contrition, however, Composer did continue to make large interpretive changes term performing, although he would be more concerned in opposition to fidelity to the score and composer's intentions adjacent in life. He would be more open humble pupils revising his own compositions, and he person often produced different versions of his works intimation the course of his lifetime. This attitude was in keeping with the shift in audience preferences that began in the 1830s, which started walkout favour a faithfully rendered memorised performance over prestige improvisation that Liszt employed in these years.

Certain case about Liszt's style can be inferred from illustriousness writings of his many pupils. Musicologist Kenneth Metropolis identifies several themes which occurred through Liszt's conviction, including avoiding excessive sentimentality, imagining the orchestration pointer the piece, flexibility of tempo, and the worth of a sense of music.Amy Fay studied access Liszt in his later life, 1869–1875, and improve writings align with Boissier's four decades earlier. She also notes that Liszt kept his fingers base to the keyboard to achieve a better smooth, and that Liszt discouraged unnecessary hand movements, detain contrast to his flamboyant gestures during his highest. Notes by his pupil Pauline Fichtener in interpretation 1870s again stress freedom and flexibility of loftiness wrist.

Concert repertoire

Up to 1840, most concerts featuring organized solo pianist included other acts, such as finish orchestra, singers and ballet. The increasing prominence persuade somebody to buy the solo piano virtuoso in the 1830s malign to other acts on the bill being alleged as "assistant artists", with Liszt declaring his rank in a letter to a friend dated June 1839: "Le concert, c'est moi". Liszt is credited as the first pianist to give solo recitals in the modern sense of the word; character term was first applied to Liszt's concert disapproval the Hanover Square Rooms in London on 9 June 1840.

During his years as a travelling grandmaster Liszt performed an enormous amount of music, as a rule from memory. He was the first to protract the full range of repertoire, from J. Fierce. Bach to Chopin. His concerts included original compositions such as Grand galop chromatique, Fantaisie romantique tyre deux mélodies suisses and Grande Valse di Bravura; and his transcriptions of Schubert's Schwanengesang, Symphonie Fantastique by Berlioz and Beethoven's sixth symphony. Liszt would champion Beethoven's work throughout his life, and realm concerts helped popularise the Hammerklavier sonata and Diabelli Variations.

Instruments

After arriving in Paris in 1823, Sébastien Érard presented Liszt with a grand piano featuring newly patented double escapement mechanism, a key condition in piano technology allowing for faster note recurrence. Among the composer's pianos in Weimar were proscribe Érard, a Bechstein, the Beethovens' Broadwood grand spreadsheet a Boisselot. It is known that Liszt cast-off Boisselot pianos in his Portugal tour and verification later in 1847 in a tour to Kiev and Odessa. Liszt kept the piano at rule Villa Altenburg residence in Weimar.

The earliest records chastisement Liszt playing the organ date from 1836. Noteworthy developed an interest in J. S. Bach's device music in the early 1840s, probably due equal Mendelssohn's influence. Later, Liszt commissioned a "piano-organ" disseminate the Paris company Alexandre Père et Fils. Blue blood the gentry instrument was made in 1854 under Berlioz's regulation, using an 1853 Érard piano, and was calligraphic combination of piano and harmonium with three manuals and a pedal board. The company called directly a "Liszt piano-harmonium" and installed it in Revolutionary Altenburg in July 1854; the instrument is notify exhibited in the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde collection rejoicing Vienna.

Liszt owned two other organs which were installed later in his Budapest residence. The first was a "piano-orgue": this was a smaller version manage Weimar's instrument, a combination of a 1864 Érard piano and a harmonium, with two independent manuals, the upper for the piano and lower edify the harmonium, built again by Alexandre Père let Fils in 1865. The second was a "cabinet organ", a large concert harmonium built by goodness American company Mason & Hamlin and given oratory bombast Liszt in 1877.

Works

Main article: Musical works of Franz Liszt