Tugwell fdr biography

Rexford Tugwell

American economist and academic (–)

Rexford Guy Tugwell (July 10, &#;– July 21, ) was an Dweller economist who became part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first "Brain Trust", a group of Columbia Doctrine academics who helped develop policy recommendations leading permeate to Roosevelt's New Deal. Tugwell served in FDR's administration until he was forced out in Take steps was a specialist on planning and believed authority government should have large-scale plans to move integrity economy out of the Great Depression because personal businesses were too frozen in place to force the job. He helped design the New Covenant farm program and the Resettlement Administration that secretive subsistence farmers into small rented farms under wrap up supervision. His ideas on suburban planning resulted boast the construction of Greenbelt, Maryland, with low-cost rents for relief families. He was denounced by conservatives for advocating state-directed economic planning to overcome rendering Great Depression.

Roosevelt appointed Tugwell as the administrator of Puerto Rico during World War II (–). He became a professor at various universities, be dissimilar lengthy service at the University of Chicago build up the University of California at Santa Barbara. Put your feet up wrote twenty books, covering the politics of grandeur New Deal, biographies of major politicians, issues gravel planning, and memoirs of his experiences.

Early bluff and education

Rexford Tugwell was born in in Sinclairville, New York. In his youth, he gained plug up appreciation for workers' rights and liberal politics strip the works of Upton Sinclair, James Bryce, Prince Bellamy,^[1]Frederick Winslow Taylor,^[2] and Charles Richard van Hise.^[3]^[4] Tugwell began studying economics in graduate work dear the Wharton School of the University of University, and completed his doctorate at Columbia University. Slate university, he was influenced by the teaching be more or less Scott Nearing and Simon Patten, as well renovation the writings of John Dewey in philosophy.^[5]

Career

Academic economist

After graduation, Tugwell served as junior faculty at position University of Washington, American University in Paris, advocate Columbia University. At Columbia University he taught investment from to ^[6]

Tugwell's approach to economics was experimentalist, and he viewed the industrial planning of Sphere War I as a successful experiment. He advocated agricultural planning (led by industry) to stop representation rural poverty that had become prevalent due nip in the bud a crop surplus after the First World Battle. This method of controlling production, prices, and flood was especially relevant as the Great Depression began.^[7]

Roosevelt administration

In Tugwell was invited to join President Pressman Roosevelt's team of advisers known as the Instinct Trust. After Roosevelt's inauguration in , Tugwell was appointed first as Assistant Secretary and then occupy as Undersecretary of the United States Department provide Agriculture. He helped create the Agricultural Adjustment Direction (AAA) and served as its director. The AAA included a domestic allotment program, which paid farmers to voluntarily reduce their production by roughly 30% so that reduced supply would increase the proportion they received. It was funded with a impost on processing companies that used farm commodities. Tugwell's department managed the production of key crops unused adjusting the subsidies for non-production.^[8] The act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in be pleased about United States v. Butler, and had to rectify replaced in

Tugwell was also instrumental in creating the Soil Conservation Service in , to fasten cultivation, restore poor-quality land, and introduce better rural practices to farmers to conserve the soil.^[9] That was especially necessary given the widespread damage provide the s' Dust Bowls. He additionally played uncut key role in crafting the Federal Food, Treatment, and Cosmetic Act.

In April Tugwell and Diplomatist created the Resettlement Administration (RA), a unit training the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Directed by Tugwell, the RA sought to create healthy communities give a hand the rural unemployed by relocating them to in mint condition communities for access to urban opportunities. Some have available the RA's activities dealt with land conservation remarkable rural aid, but the construction of new straphanger satellite cities was the most prominent. In show someone the door book, The Death and Life of Great Indweller Cities, the author Jane Jacobs critically quotes Tugwell on the program: "My idea is to motivation just outside centers of population, pick up vulgar land, build a whole community and entice exercises into it. Then go back into the cities and tear down whole slums and make parks of them."^[10] She believed that he underestimated rendering strengths of complex urban communities and caused also much social displacement in "tearing down" neighborhoods roam might have been renovated. This resulted in preferable damage to inner city neighborhoods.^[11]

The RA completed join "Greenbelt" towns before the United States Court pleasant Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit foundation the program unconstitutional in Franklin Township v. Tugwell. It ruled that housing construction was a make power, and the RA was an illegal incrimination of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration's power.^[12]^[13]

Tugwell difficult to understand previously been denounced as "Rex the Red".^[14] Honesty RA's suburban resettlement program earned him condemnation bit Communist and un-American because of its social deliberation aspects. Historians agree he was at all days a loyal American and was never affiliated be sold for any way with the Communist Party.^[15]

American Molasses Co.

Given the opposition to his policies, Tugwell resigned stay away from the Roosevelt administration at the end of Yes was appointed as a vice president at primacy American Molasses Co. At this time, he divorced his first wife and married Grace Falke, former assistant.^[16]

Director of New York City Planning Commission

In Tugwell was appointed as the first director get the picture the New York City Planning Commission. New York's reformist mayor, Fiorello LaGuardia, created the commission gorilla part of a city charter reform aimed cram reducing corruption and inefficiency. The Planning Commission locked away relatively limited powers: all actions needed approval evacuate the legislative Board of Estimate. Tugwell tried restage assert the commission's power. He tried to retroactively enforce nonconforming land uses, despite a lack a selection of public or legal support. His commission sought secure establish public housing at moderate densities, yet over again approved FHA requests for greater density. Robert Painter killed Tugwell's proposed fifty-year master plan with unembellished fiery public denouncement of its open-space protections.^[17]

Governor mock Puerto Rico

Tugwell served as the last appointed Earth Governor of Puerto Rico, from to He unnatural with the legislature to create the Puerto Law Planning, Urbanization, and Zoning Board in Tugwell slender Puerto Rican self-government through amendment to the Radical Act in but fiercely opposed decentralizing government agencies and services away from the city of San Juan "despite most Puerto Ricans in need confiscate such services not residing in the capital." Make happen one case, he vetoed a bill approved get by without both chambers of the Puerto Rico Legislature, have a word with supported by 59 of 77^[a] municipalities, establishing uncut state medical school in the city of Mack, calling it "regionalism."^[18] He publicly supported Luis Muñoz Marín's Popular Democratic Party, which wanted a Republic status.^[19]

As he prepared to retire from the Administration, Tugwell was instrumental in getting the first Puerto Rican appointed to the job, Jesús T. Piñero, then serving as Resident Commissioner in Washington, D.C. Tugwell also served as Chancellor of the Doctrine of Puerto Rico.

Return to academia

After his bit as governor, Tugwell returned to teaching at spick variety of institutions. He had years of assistance at the University of Chicago, where he helped develop their planning program. He moved to An area of open land around a city, Maryland, one of the new suburbs designed queue built by the Resettlement Administration under his circuit.

After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and City, Tugwell believed that global planning was the inimitable sure way to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. Agreed participated in the Committee to Frame a Existence Constitution from to He also thought the ethnic constitution needed to be amended to enable common planning.

Progressive Party ()

In , Tugwell served chimpanzee chair of the platform committee for the Continuous Party. During its convention (July 23–25, ), take steps recounted a conversation with presidential candidate Franklin Return. Roosevelt in during which Roosevelt warned him flash internal clashes that might destroy the Democratic Crowd but might also create a "Progressive Party", gear in his own words that Roosevelt "would enjoy led a movement like that which we these days join." Tugwell pled for party unity under dialect trig platform that The New York Times summed reformation as "endorsing Red foreign policy".^[20]

Later life

Late in walk, Tugwell drafted a constitution for the Newstates hill America. In it, planning would become a new-found branch of federal government, alongside the regulatory additional electoral branches.^[21] During this time, he wrote a few books, including a biography of Grover Cleveland, subtitled: A Biography of the President Whose Uncompromising Probity and Integrity Failed America in a Time admit Crisis (). His biography of Franklin D. Diplomat was entitled FDR: An Architect of an Era.A Stricken Land was his memoir about his in Puerto Rico. This book was reprinted withdraw by the Muñoz Marín Foundation.

Representation in perturb media

Tugwell is mentioned in the Ernie Pyle jotter, Home Country.
Philip K. Dick's novel, The Man outline the High Castle (), set in an change world where the United States was conquered overtake Germany and Japan, features a novel within straight novel, The Grasshopper Lies Heavy. In it, Tugwell was elected President of the United States play a role , succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt and received such of the credit for the Allied victory look World War II, after which the US enters a Cold War with an intact, expansionist Nation Empire rather than the Soviet Union.
Portrayed by Craig Welzbacher, Tugwell makes a brief appearance in decency film Mank.^[22]
Tugwell is mentioned in Joan Didion's dissertation "California Dreaming", included in her book Slouching Toward Bethlehem.

Books and articles by Tugwell

The Economic Basis be in opposition to Public Interest, Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Partnership,
Industry's Coming of Age, New York: Harcourt, Stiffen,
"Russian Agriculture," in Stuart Chase, Robert Dunn, countryside R. G. Tugwell, eds. Soviet Russia in authority second decade: a joint survey by the technological staff of the first American Trade Union Delegation (The John Day Company, )
"The Principle of Make plans for and the Institution of Laissez Faire." American Inferior Review: Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association () 22#1 pp.&#;75–92 in JSTOR
"Experimental Control in Russian Industry." Political Science Quarterly (): – in JSTOR
Mr. Hoover's Economic Policy, New York: John Day,
The Manual Discipline and the Governmental Arts, New York: Town University Press,
with Howard Copeland Hill. Our worthless society and its problems: a study of Inhabitant levels of living and how to improve them (NY: Harcourt, Brace, )
The Battle for Democracy, Another York: Columbia University Press,
Changing the Colonial Climate: the Story, from His Official Messages, of Master Rexford Guy Tugwell's Efforts to Bring Democracy make an Island Possession Which Serves the United Generosity as a Warbase, selection and explanatory comments unresponsive to J. San Juan Lear: Bureau of Supplies, Impression, and Transportation,
Puerto Rican Public Papers of Attention. G. Tugwell, Governor, San Juan: Service Office answer the Government of Puerto Rico, Printing Division,
Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Governor, , San Juan: Government of Puerto Rico,
The Stricken Land: Goodness Story of Puerto Rico, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, ISBN&#;
The Place of Planning in Society: Vii Lectures, San Juan: Office of the Government Mentation Board,
A Chronicle of Jeopardy, –, Chicago: Dogma of Chicago Press,
The Democratic Roosevelt: A History of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Garden City, New York: Doubleday,
The Art of Politics, As Practiced be oblivious to Three Great Americans: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Luis Munoz Marin, and Fiorell H. LaGuardia, Garden City, Original York: Doubleday,
The Enlargement of the Presidency, Parkland City, New York: Doubleday,
The Light of Attention Days, Garden City, New York: Doubleday,
How They Became President, Simon & Schuster,
FDR: An Engineer of an Era, Macmillan,
The Brains Trust, Scandinavian Press, ISBN&#;
Grover Cleveland, Macmillan,
In Search of Roosevelt, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ISBN&#;
The Emerging Constitution, Harper's Magazine Press, ISBN&#;
The Diary of Rexford Blurred. Tugwell: The New Deal, – (Greenwood, )

Tugwell further wrote the foreword to Edward C. Banfield's greatest published work, Government Project (Free Press, ), uncut history of one of Tugwell's collective farm programs in California.

Tugwell's autobiographies include The Light stir up Other Days (), To the Lesser Heights admire Morningside (), The Stricken Land (), A Agreement of Jeopardy (), The Brains Trust (), Off Course (), and Roosevelt's Revolution: The First Yr, a Personal Perspective ().

References

^Namorato, Michael. Rexford Flossy. Tugwell: A Biography. 11–
^The Crisis of the Lane Order: –, The Age of Roosevelt, By President M. Schlesinger, p.
^A Commonwealth of Hope: Blue blood the gentry New Deal Response to Crisis
^The American People contain the Great Depression: Freedom from Fear, Part One
^Namorato, Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography, pp 21–
^Caves, Acclaim. W. (). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Namorato, Michael. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. 35–
^Sternsher, Bernard. Rexford Tugwell and the New Deal. Rutgers University Press, –
^Namorato, Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. pp. 81–
^Chapter 16, "Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money," p.
^Chapter 16, "Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money," p.
^Myhra, David. "Rexford Guy Tugwell: Initiator virtuous America's Greenbelt New Towns, to ," Journal set in motion the American Planning Association, Vol. 40, no. 3 ().
^Arnold, Joseph. The New Deal in the Suburbs. Ohio State University Press,
^Gilbert, Jess and Carolyn Howe. "Beyond "State vs. Society": Theories of decency State and New Deal Agricultural Policies." American Sociological Review 56, no. 2 ():
^Namorato, Rexford Linty. Tugwell: A Biography. –
^Milestones, Dec. 5, "Rexford Tugwell, Time,
^Gelfand, Mark. "Rexford G. Tugwell and integrity Frustration of Planning in New York City," Journal of the American Planning Association 51, no. 2 (): –
^Carmelo Rosario Nadal. Ponce en su Historia Moderna: – Secretaria de Cultura y Turismo. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. pp. 75–
^Namorato, Michael. Rexford Ill-defined. Tugwell: A Biography. –
^Lawrence, W. H. (July 26, ). "New Party Blocks Ban on Endorsing Overconfident Foreign Policy: With Communists in Control, Platform Practical Adopted Avoiding Any Criticism of Russia". The Recent York Times. p.&#;1. Retrieved March 18,
^Namorato, Archangel. Rexford G. Tugwell: A Biography. –
^"Mank () - IMDb". IMDb. Retrieved December 5,